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Old Kvalian: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "Old Kvalian /ˈkveɪ̯liən/ (natively: ''Kvæltilo'' /ˈkvaltilo/, "common tongue") is descended from Proto-Kertha and was spoken by the descendants of the Northern Men, ...") |
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 680px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 120px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ! scope="col" style="width: 80px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 100px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Front | ! scope="col" style="width: 200px; text-align: center; "|Front | ||
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Old Kvalian possessed regressive vowel harmony, that is that the vowel of the desinence (if there are two vowels then vowel harmony acts regressively from the first) can change the vowels in the rest of the word. These changes happen regardless of the length of the vowel and so only short vowels are shown in the table below. | Old Kvalian possessed regressive vowel harmony, that is that the vowel of the desinence (if there are two vowels then vowel harmony acts regressively from the first) can change the vowels in the rest of the word. These changes happen regardless of the length of the vowel and so only short vowels are shown in the table below. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 420px; " | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "|Desinences | ! scope="col" style="width: 120px; text-align: center; "|Desinences | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 30px; text-align: center; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 30px; text-align: center; "| | ||
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This can be seen in the declension of the Old Kvalian words ''karða'' ("earth") and, to a lesser extent, ''suþu'' ("ash"): | This can be seen in the declension of the Old Kvalian words ''karða'' ("earth") and, to a lesser extent, ''suþu'' ("ash"): | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{| class=" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;" | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "| | ! scope="col" style="width: 125px; "| | ||
! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular | ! scope="col" style="width: 175px; "|Singular | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
The table below outlines the regular sound changes that occurred between Proto-Kertha and Old Kvalian. | The table below outlines the regular sound changes that occurred between Proto-Kertha and Old Kvalian. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 900px; " | ||
! colspan="5" style=" text-align: center; |Proto-Kertha to Old Kvalian | ! colspan="5" style=" text-align: center; |Proto-Kertha to Old Kvalian | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Old Kvalian nouns inflect according to case and number. There were three numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual and plural forms are indicated in various ways depending on the ending of the original noun. There were six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative. Old Kvalian had three genders but this does not affect nominal morphology. However, as mentioned [[#Vowel harmony|above]], vowel harmony does affect nominal inflexions. Definiteness is specified by the suffix ''-døgh''. The tables below show the different declension patterns. | Old Kvalian nouns inflect according to case and number. There were three numbers: singular, dual and plural. The dual and plural forms are indicated in various ways depending on the ending of the original noun. There were six cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental and locative. Old Kvalian had three genders but this does not affect nominal morphology. However, as mentioned [[#Vowel harmony|above]], vowel harmony does affect nominal inflexions. Definiteness is specified by the suffix ''-døgh''. The tables below show the different declension patterns. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -a | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -a | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -ámi | | -ámi | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -b, -k, -t | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -b, -k, -t | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -ómi | | -ómi | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -e | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -e | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -émi | | -émi | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -gh | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -gh | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -ómi | | -ómi | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -i | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -i | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -ími | | -ími | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -l, -r | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -l, -r | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -némi | | -némi | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -m, -n | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -m, -n | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -noim | | -noim | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -o | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -o | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| -ómi | | -ómi | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 650px; " | ||
! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -u | ! colspan="4" style=" text-align: center; | -u | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Adjectives inflect for number, case and gender. Old Kvalian adjectives only have one basic group and decline in the same manner as nouns. The ending ''-(y)r'' is masculine, ''-(n)a'' feminine and ''-(n)e'' neuter. The example given below is ''nimør'' (meaning "nasal"). | Adjectives inflect for number, case and gender. Old Kvalian adjectives only have one basic group and decline in the same manner as nouns. The ending ''-(y)r'' is masculine, ''-(n)a'' feminine and ''-(n)e'' neuter. The example given below is ''nimør'' (meaning "nasal"). | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 950px; " | ||
! colspan="10" style=" text-align: center; |nimør | ! colspan="10" style=" text-align: center; |nimør | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:A priori]] | |||
[[Category:Kertha]] | |||