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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Old Valthungian
|name = Old Valthungian
|nativename = Walþungiskō Rasta
|nativename = Valðungiskou Rasta
|pronunciation = /ˈwal.ðʊŋ.gɪʃ.ka ˈras.ta
|pronunciation = /ˈwɑl.ðʊŋ.gɪs.koː ˈrɑs.tɑ/
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
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|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[Griutungi]]
|fam4 = [[Griutungi]]
|script = [[Valthungian#Alphabet_.26_Pronunciation|Valthungian Alphabet]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|script = [[Old_Valthungian#Orthography_of_Old_Valthungian|Old Valthungian Alphabet]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|iso3 = qgt
|iso3 = qgt
|brcl = grey
|brcl = grey
}}
}}


[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language lasting from around 800‒1200 a.d. marked mainly by changes to geminates and intervocalic consonants, as well as the introduction of Germanic ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around 950‒975 a.d.
[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly by changes to geminates and intervocalic consonants, as well as the introduction of Germanic ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around 950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>


==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian==
==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian==
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer to the legend here.]]''
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer to the legend here.]]''
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400a.d.‒[remains persistent])===
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])===
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic,  
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic,  
it applied optionally between two consecutive vowels only after a stressed vowel when one  
it applied optionally between two consecutive vowels only after a stressed vowel when one  
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|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saegjan → saegjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːɣjɑn → sɛːɣjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saeʒjan → saeʒiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣgzjen → sǣgzjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːɡʒjɛn → se̞ːɡʒjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžjen → sǣžjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjɛn → se̞ːʒjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣǧin → sǣǧiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʤin → se̞ːʤiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”)
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”)
|-
|-
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|}
|}


===Germanic Obstruent Devoicing (< 400a.d.‒ [remains persistent])===
===Germanic Obstruent Devoicing (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])===
Germanic Obstruent Devoicing is a rule inherited from Proto-Germanic which remains persistent in the grammar throughout the transition to East Germanic, Griutungi, Old, Middle, and modern Valthungian.  
Germanic Obstruent Devoicing is a rule inherited from Proto-Germanic which remains persistent in the grammar throughout the transition to East Germanic, Griutungi, Old, Middle, and modern Valthungian.  


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|}
|}


===Geminate Simplification I (< 400 a.d.)===
===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)===


{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*swimman → *swamm''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm(ː)/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*swimman → *swamm''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm(ː)/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*swimman → *swam''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*swimman → *swam''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''svitman → svam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa → gawiss''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis(s)/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa → gawiss''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis(s)/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''wissa → gawis''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''wissa → gawis''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wihsa → gawis''''' <br />/wihsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''vihsa → gavis''''' <br />/wihsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawis''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawis''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawís''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawís''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/
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This is a change that had likely already started long before the division between Gothic and Griutungi, and probably happened similarly in Gothic as well. In the Griutungi lineage, it occurred in three distinct stages:
This is a change that had likely already started long before the division between Gothic and Griutungi, and probably happened similarly in Gothic as well. In the Griutungi lineage, it occurred in three distinct stages:


====Stage I ( < 400 a.d.)====
====Stage I ( < 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
Intervocalic voiced stops (i.e. /b/, /d/, and /g/) became spirantized: /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/. This likely happened quite early, perhaps already by Proto-Germanic times, and was clearly in operation in Gothic as well.
Intervocalic voiced stops (i.e. /b/, /d/, and /g/) became spirantized: /β/, /ð/, and /ɣ/. This likely happened quite early, perhaps already by Proto-Germanic times, and was clearly in operation in Gothic as well.


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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*oughan''''' <br />/ou̯ɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/ou̯ɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan''''' <br />/ɔu̯ɡn̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan''''' <br />/ɔu̯ɡn̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/
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|}
|}


====Stage II ( ~ 400 a.d.)====
====Stage II ( ~ 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
The same process occurred, but in Stage II the environment changes to include /l/ and /r/ before the stop and ''any'' sonorant (i.e. /l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/) after. This likely occurred before or during the time of Griutung proper, and may have happened in a similar environment in Gothic.
The same process occurred, but in Stage II the environment changes to include /l/ and /r/ before the stop and ''any'' sonorant (i.e. /l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/) after. This likely occurred before or during the time of Griutung proper, and may have happened in a similar environment in Gothic.


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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sildaleiks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sildaleiks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sildalīks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sildalīks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''silðaliiks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''silðalijks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðalīks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðalīks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðaliks''''' <br />/silðɑliks/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðaliks''''' <br />/silðɑliks/
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| style="text-align: center;"| '''''baurgeins''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''baurgeins''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*borgīns''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*borgīns''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*beorgyiins''''' <br />/bœrɣiːns/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*beorgyijns''''' <br />/bœrɣiːns/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''boergīns''''' <br />/bø̞rɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''boergīns''''' <br />/bø̞rɡiːns/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''bœrgins''''' <br />/bø̞rɡins/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''bœrgins''''' <br />/bø̞rɡins/
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|}
|}


====Stage III ( ~ 500 a.d.)====
====Stage III ( ~ 500<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
In the final stage, which happened significantly after the earlier two (probably not before 900 a.d.), the unvoiced continuants /f/ and /θ/, became voiced in the same environment as stage II.
In the final stage, which happened significantly after the earlier two (probably not before 900<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>), the unvoiced continuants /f/ and /θ/, became voiced in the same environment as stage II.


{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
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===Voicing and Devoicing of Consonant Clusters===
===Voicing and Devoicing of Consonant Clusters===
====Voicing of Word-Final /s/ after a Voiced Consonant (~550 a.d.)====
====Voicing of Word-Final /s/ after a Voiced Consonant (~550<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)====
Word-final /s/ was voiced after /b/, /d/, and /g/. (And thus I dispense with the mystery of what the phonetic and phonemic value of the /g/ of Gothic ''dags'' might have been!)
Word-final /s/ was voiced after /b/, /d/, and /g/. (And thus I dispense with the mystery of what the phonetic and phonemic value of the /g/ of Gothic ''dags'' might have been!)


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| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winds''''' <br />/winds/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winds''''' <br />/winds/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*winds''''' <br />/winds/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*winds''''' <br />/winds/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''windz''''' <br />/windʐ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vindz''''' <br />/windʐ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''windž''''' <br />/windʒ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''windž''''' <br />/windʒ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winǧ''''' <br />/winʤ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winǧ''''' <br />/winʤ/
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| style="text-align: center;"| '''''praizbwtairei''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''praizbwtairei''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*prespyterii''''' <br />/prespʏteriː/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*prespyterij''''' <br />/prespʏteriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiterī''''' <br />/prespiteriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespyterī''''' <br />/prespyteriː/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’
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===Clisis and Lexicalization===
===Clisis and Lexicalization===
Between 600 and 850 a.d., many word boundaries were blurred in the Old Valthungian language. Several clitics became particles, while other words became inseparable.
Between 600 and 850<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, many word boundaries were blurred in the Old Valthungian language. Several clitics became particles, while other words became inseparable.


====Lexicalization of East Germanic Clitics====
====Lexicalization of East Germanic Clitics====
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===Changes to Geminate Consonants===
===Changes to Geminate Consonants===
Between 500‒650 a.d. all of the geminate consonants inherited from Griutungi were condensed to a single consonant. This also put an end to a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic whereby geminate consonants collapsed before and obstruent or a word-boundary, there being no more geminate consonants to encounter such an environment.
Between 500‒650<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> all of the geminate consonants inherited from Griutungi were condensed to a single consonant. This also put an end to a persistent rule inherited from Proto-Germanic whereby geminate consonants collapsed before and obstruent or a word-boundary, there being no more geminate consonants to encounter such an environment.


====Changes to Geminate Obstruents====
====Changes to Geminate Obstruents====
Line 1,067: Line 1,067:
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="80"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.  
!width="75"| Valth.  
!width="100"| &nbsp;
!width="100"| &nbsp;
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''wihsa''''' <br />/wihsɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vihsa''''' <br />/wihsɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/
Line 1,152: Line 1,152:


=====Stage II=====
=====Stage II=====
Much later, perhaps as late as 750 or 800 a.d., '''pm''' shifts to '''tm''', but only in words which had previously contained geminate '''mm'''
Much later, perhaps as late as 750 or 800<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, '''pm''' shifts to '''tm''', but only in words which had previously contained geminate '''mm'''


<code>pm → tm</code>
<code>pm → tm</code>
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þuv''''' <br />/θuː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/  
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/  
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''saa''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/
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|}
|}


====Lengthening of /ij/====
<!--====Lengthening of /ij/====


All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking.
All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking.
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sneiwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sneiwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snīwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snīwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''snijvgan''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''snijugyan''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɣɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugn''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡn̩/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugn''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡn̩/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugna''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡnɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugna''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡnɑ/
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|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnds''''' <br />/frijoːnds/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnds''''' <br />/frijoːnds/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnþs''''' <br />/frijoːnθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnþs''''' <br />/frijoːnθs/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''frijōnþs''''' <br />/friːjoːnθs/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''frijounþs''''' <br />/friːjoːnθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frījonþs''''' <br />/friːjonθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frījonþs''''' <br />/friːjonθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’
|}
|}-->


====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory====
====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory====
Line 1,332: Line 1,332:
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ju'''
| '''ju'''
|}
“'''i''' becomes '''j''' before '''u'''.”
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''deupiþō''''' <br />/deu̯piθoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''diupiþa''''' <br />/diu̯piθɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''diupiþa''''' <br />/diu̯piθɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''djupiða''''' <br />/djupiðɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''džjupiða''''' <br />/ʤjupiðɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧupiða''''' <br />/ʤupiðɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘depth’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''newun''''' <br />/newun/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''niun''''' <br />/niu̯n/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''niun''''' <br />/niu̯n/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''njun''''' <br />/njun/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''njun''''' <br />/njun/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''njun''''' <br />/njun/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘nine’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''uppai''''' <br />/uppai̯/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iupa''''' <br />/iu̯pɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iupa''''' <br />/iu̯pɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''jupa''''' <br />/jupɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jupa''''' <br />/jupɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jupa''''' <br />/jupɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘up, above’
|}
|}


Line 1,369: Line 1,407:
This rule remains productive in the grammar at least through the change of iu to ju, because short '''i''' does not trigger umlaut. However, the vowel in '''ju''' from earlier '''iu''' is not subject to umlaut.
This rule remains productive in the grammar at least through the change of iu to ju, because short '''i''' does not trigger umlaut. However, the vowel in '''ju''' from earlier '''iu''' is not subject to umlaut.


===Change of Word-Initial /j/ to /g/===
E.g.:
This is sometimes considered a part of Verschärfung, but I'm placing it here because it must necessarily occur contemporaneously with the <code>iu → ju</code> change above. More specifically, there are a small number of words which begin with the sequence ⟨jiu-⟩, and this sequence as a whole becomes ⟨gju-⟩.
{| class="bluetable"
 
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
!width="85"| P.Gmc.
| '''j'''
!width="75"| Gothic
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
!width="75"| Griut.
| '''g'''
!width="75"| O.Val.
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
!width="75"| M.Val.
| # ___ '''iu'''
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sandijaną''''' <br />/ˈsɑndijɑnɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sandjan''''' <br />/ˈsɑndjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sandjan''''' <br />/ˈsɑndjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''sendjan''''' <br />/ˈsɛndjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sendžjen''''' <br />/ˈsenʤjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''senǧin''''' <br />/ˈsenʤin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to send’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahanhijô''''' <br />/gɑˈhɑnhijoːˑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahāhjō''''' <br />/gɑˈhɑːhjoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahāhjō''''' <br />/gɑˈhɑːhjoː/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gahaehjou''''' <br />/gɑˈhɛːhjoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahǣšjo''''' <br />/gɑˈhe̞ːçjo/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gahǣša''''' <br />/gɑˈhe̞ːʃɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘orderly’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''auþijaz''''' <br />/ˈauθijaz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''auþeis''''' <br />/ˈɔːθiːs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǭþīs''''' <br />/ˈɔːθiːs/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''eaoðijs''''' <br />/ˈœːðiːs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''œ̄ðīs''''' <br />/ˈø̞ːðiːs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''œ̄ðis''''' <br />/ˈø̞ːðis/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘deserted’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wurkijaną''''' <br />/ˈwurkijɑnɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''waurkjan''''' <br />/ˈwɔrkjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''workjan''''' <br />/ˈwɔrkjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''weorkjan''''' <br />/ˈwœrkjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wœrkšjen''''' <br />/ˈwø̞rkʃjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wœrčin''''' <br />/ˈwø̞rʧin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to work’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dōmijaną''''' <br />/ˈdoːmijɑnɑ̃/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dōmjan''''' <br />/ˈdoːmjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dōmjan''''' <br />/ˈdoːmjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''deoumjan''''' <br />/ˈdøːmjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dœymjen''''' <br />/ˈdø̞ymjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dœumin''''' <br />/ˈdœy̑min/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to judge’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunjō''''' <br />/ˈsunjoː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''seunja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''synja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''synia''''' <br />/ˈsyniɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘truth’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garūnijai''''' <br />/gɑˈruːnijai̯/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garūnja''''' <br />/gɑˈruːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garūnja''''' <br />/gɑˈruːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gareuvnja''''' <br />/gɑryːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnja''''' <br />/gɑˈryːnjɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnia''''' <br />/gɑˈryːniɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mystery.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span>’
|}
|}


===Rhotacism Launch===
===Change of Word-Initial /j/ to /g/===
The phoneme /z/ begins the same process towards rhotacism seen in the other Germanic languages. This change occurs in all environments.
This is sometimes considered a part of Verschärfung, but I'm placing it here because it must necessarily occur contemporaneously with the <code>iu → ju</code> change above. More specifically, there are a small number of words which begin with the sequence ⟨jiu-⟩, and this sequence as a whole becomes ⟨gju-⟩.


{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''z'''
| '''j'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''ʐ'''
| '''ɣ'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| # ___ '''iu'''
|}
|}


===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
“'''j''' becomes '''ɣ''' before '''iu''' when word-initial.”
There are actually several changes which occurred at different time periods which have been assembled here under the banner of “Verschärfung”. All of these changes deal with the way glide consonants change in intervocalic environments between the Gothic and Old Valthungian Periods.


====Change of /w/ to /wg/====
E.g.:
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| class="bluetable"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
| '''w'''
!width="75"| Gothic
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
!width="75"| Griut.
| '''wg'''
!width="75"| O.Val.
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
!width="75"| M.Val.
| '''V'''
!width="75"| Valth.
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| '''V'''
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jehwlą ''''' <br />/ˈjexʷ.lɑ̃/
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjul''''' <br />/ɣjul/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjul''''' <br />/gʒjul/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧul''''' <br />/ʤul/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘Yule’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jeukaną''''' <br />/ˈjeukɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjukan''''' <br />/ˈɣjukɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjukn''''' <br />/gʒjukn̩/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧukna''''' <br />/ʤuknɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to conquer’
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wesilōną''''' <br />/ˈwesiloːnɑ͂/
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iusilōn''''' <br />/ˈiu̯siloːn/
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiusilōn''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯siloːn/
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjusiloun''''' <br />/ˈɣjusiloːn/
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjusilon''''' <br />/ˈgʒjusilon/
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧusilan''''' <br />/ˈʤusilɑn/
| &nbsp;
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to improve’
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
|}


====Change of /j/ to /gj/====
===Rhotacism Launch===
The phoneme /z/ begins the same process towards rhotacism seen in the other Germanic languages. This change occurs in all environments.
 
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''j'''
| '''z'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''gj'''
| '''ʐ'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''V'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
|}


====Change of /h/ to /gw/====
“'''z''' becomes '''ʐ''' in all environments.”
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
 
 
E.g.:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
!width="75"| P.Gmc.
!width="75"| Gothic
!width="75"| Griut.
!width="75"| O.Val.
!width="75"| M.Val.
!width="75"| Valth.
!width="75"| &nbsp;
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dagaz ''''' <br />/ˈdɑɣɑz/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dags''''' <br />/dɑxs/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dags''''' <br />/dɑɣz/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''dagz''''' <br />/dɑɡʐ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''dagž''''' <br />/dɑɡʒ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''daǧ''''' <br />/daʤ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘day’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwazuhw''''' <br />/ˈxʷɑzux/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ƕazuh''''' <br />/ˈʍɑzuh/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwazuh''''' <br />/ˈxwɑzux/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hvazuh''''' <br />/ˈxwɑʐux/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwažū''''' <br />/ˈxwɑʒuː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''hwažu''''' <br />/ˈxwɑʒu/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘each’
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''marzijaną''''' <br />/ˈmɑrzijɑnɑ͂/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''marzjan''''' <br />/ˈmɑrzjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''marzjan''''' <br />/ˈmɑrzjɑn/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''merzjan''''' <br />/ˈmerʐjɑn/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''mežjen''''' <br />/ˈmeʒjən/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''mežin''''' <br />/ˈmeʒin/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to offend’
|}
 
===Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung===
There are actually several changes which occurred at different time periods which have been assembled here under the banner of “Verschärfung”. All of these changes deal with the way glide consonants change in intervocalic environments between the Gothic and Old Valthungian Periods.
 
====Change of /w/ to /wg/====
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''h'''
| '''w'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''gw'''
| '''wg'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''V'''
| '''V'''
Line 1,474: Line 1,605:
|}
|}


====Change of /hw/ to /gw/====
====Change of /j/ to /gj/====
(Much later...)
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''hw'''
| '''j'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''gw'''
| '''ʝj'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''a(ː)'''
| '''V'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
Line 1,501: Line 1,631:
|}
|}


===Breaking of Long Diphthongs===
====Change of /h/ to /gw/====
 
The “long diphthongs” which can be the result of Verschärfung undergo breaking and the two vowels are separated by a glide: /w/ if the first vowel is <code>+bck</code> and /j/ if the first vowel is <code>-bck</code>.
 
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| '''V̄V'''
| '''h'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''V̄'''
| '''gw'''
| '''{ j,w }'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''V'''
| '''V'''
|}
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
 
===Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/===
Unstressed word-final '''a''' is deleted after '''m''', '''n''', and '''t'''; however, it is retained by analogy in inflections, such as the ending of the first person singular present indicative, or the dative singular of many masculine and neuter nouns.  Ultimately, this mainly leads to the shortening of some prepositions and change of the neuter ''-ata'' ending to ''-at''.
 
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''a'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''Ø'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''C'''
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;  
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;  
| &nbsp;''or''&nbsp; '''t''' }
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;#
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 1,537: Line 1,653:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+nas</code>
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;  
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;  
|}
====Change of /hw/ to /gw/====
(Much later...)
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''hw'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
| '''gw'''
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
| '''a(ː)'''
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| '''V'''
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>-str</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|}
|}


“''Unstressed '''a''' is deleted word-finally after a nasal consonant or '''t'''.''”
===Breaking of Long Diphthongs===


==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950 a.d.==
The “long diphthongs” which can be the result of Verschärfung undergo breaking and the two vowels are separated by a glide: /w/ if the first vowel is <code>+bck</code> and /j/ if the first vowel is <code>-bck</code>.
===Vowels===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
! width=100px rowspan="2"|
| &nbsp;
! colspan="2"| '''Short Vowels'''
| '''V̄V'''
! rowspan="6"|
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
! colspan="2"| '''Long Vowels'''
| '''V̄'''
| '''{ j,w }'''
| '''V'''
|}
 
===Deletion of Final Unstressed /a/===
Unstressed word-final '''a''' is deleted after '''m''', '''n''', and '''t'''; however, it is retained by analogy in inflections, such as the ending of the first person singular present indicative, or the dative singular of many masculine and neuter nouns.  Ultimately, this mainly leads to the shortening of some prepositions and change of the neuter ''-ata'' ending to ''-at''.
 
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
|-
|-
! width=65px| '''Front'''
| &nbsp;
! width=65px| '''Back'''
| '''a'''
! width=65px| '''Front'''
| &nbsp;→&nbsp;
! width=65px| '''Back'''
| '''Ø'''
|-
| &nbsp;/&nbsp;
!'''Close'''
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|'''i · eu'''<br />[i · y]
| '''C'''
|'''u'''<br />[u]
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-top: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
|'''ij · euv'''<br />[iː · yː]
| &nbsp;''or''&nbsp; '''t''' }
|'''uv'''<br />[uː]
| &nbsp;___&nbsp;#
|-
!'''Mid-Close'''
|''' · y<ref>This was likely a lax near-close vowel, not a mid-close vowel; i.e. [ʏ], not [ø]. It later merged with /y/.</ref>'''<br />[ʏ]
|
|'''ei · eou'''<br />[eː · øː]
|'''ou'''<br />[oː]<ref>All of the mid-close long vowels may have been diphthongs, though the spelling is likely related to conventions borrowed from early Romance languages of the time rather than an indication of dipthongisation.</ref>
|-
!'''Mid-Open'''
|'''e · eo'''<br />[ɛ · œ]
|'''o'''<br />[ɔ]
|'''ae · eao'''<br />[ɛː · œː]
|'''ao'''<br />[ɔː]
|-
!'''Open'''
|
|'''a'''<br />[ɑ]
|
|'''aa'''<br />[ɑː]
|-
|-
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|style="border-left:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| <code>+nas</code>
|style="border-right:solid black 1px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
|}


===Consonants===
“''Unstressed '''a''' is deleted word-finally after a nasal consonant or '''t'''.''”
 
==Phonology of Old Valthungian ca. 950<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!width=100px|
!width=65px|'''Labial'''
!width=65px|'''Dental'''
!width=65px|'''Alveolar'''
!width=65px|'''Palatal'''
!width=65px|'''Dorsal'''
|-
|-
!'''Plosive'''
! width=100px rowspan="2"|
|'''p · b'''<br />[p~pʰ · b]
! colspan="2"| '''Short Vowels'''
|'''t · d'''<br />[t~tʰ · d]
! rowspan="6"|
|
! colspan="2"| '''Long Vowels'''
|
|'''k · g'''<br />[k~kʰ · g]
|-
|-
!'''Nasal'''
! width=65px| '''Front'''
|''' · m'''<br />[m]
! width=65px| '''Back'''
|
! width=65px| '''Front'''
|''' · n'''<br />[n]
! width=65px| '''Back'''
 
|-
|
!'''Close'''
|''' · n'''<ref>Before '''g''' or '''k'''</ref><br />[ŋ]
|'''i · eu'''<br />[i · y]
|'''u'''<br />[u]
|'''ij · euv'''<br />[iː · yː]
|'''uv'''<br />[uː]
|-
|-
!'''Fricative'''
!'''Mid-Close'''
|'''f · bv'''<br />[ɸ · β]
|''' · y<ref>This was likely a lax near-close vowel, not a mid-close vowel; i.e. [ʏ], not [ø]. It later merged with /y/.</ref>'''<br />[ʏ]
|'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ]
|'''s · z'''<br />[s · ʐ]
|
|
|'''h · gy'''<br />[h · ɣ]
|'''ei · eou'''<br />[eː · øː]
|'''ou'''<br />[oː]<ref>All of the mid-close long vowels may have been diphthongs, though the spelling is likely related to conventions borrowed from early Romance languages of the time rather than an indication of dipthongisation.</ref>
|-
|-
!'''Approximant'''
!'''Mid-Open'''
|''' · v'''<br />[w]
|'''e · eo'''<br />[ɛ · œ]
|''' · l'''<br />[l̪~ɫ]
|'''o'''<br />[ɔ]
|''' · r'''<br />[r~ɾ]
|'''ae · eao'''<br />[ɛː · œː]
|''' · j'''<br />[j]
|'''ao'''<br />[ɔː]
|-
!'''Open'''
|
|'''a'''<br />[ɑ]
|
|
|'''aa'''<br />[ɑː]
|-
|}
|}


==Orthography of Old Valthungian==
===Consonants===
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time around 850aD, with notes where there are variants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
 
!width=100px|
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;"
!width=65px|'''Labial'''
!width=65px|'''Dental'''
!width=65px|'''Alveolar'''
!width=65px|'''Palatal'''
!width=65px|'''Dorsal'''
|-
|-
!width=65px| Griutungi
!'''Plosive'''
!width=65px| IPA
|'''p · b'''<br />[p~pʰ · b]
!width=65px| Old Val.
|'''t · d'''<br />[t~tʰ · d]
!width=65px| Roman.
|
!width=165px| Variants
|
!width=200px| Examples
|'''k · g'''<br />[k~kʰ · g]
!width=540px| Notes
|-
|-
|valign="top"| a
!'''Nasal'''
|valign="top"| ɑ
|''' · m'''<br />[m]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]]
|
|valign="top"| '''a'''
|''' · n'''<br />[n]
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
 
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’
|
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|''' · n'''<ref>Before '''g''' or '''k'''</ref><br />[ŋ]
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ā
!'''Fricative'''
|valign="top"| ɑː
|'''f · bv'''<br />[ɸ · β]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-aa.png|28px|AA]]
|'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ]
|valign="top"| '''aa'''
|'''s · z'''<br />[s · ʐ]
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā
|''' · ʒ'''<br />[ʝ]
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’
|'''h · gy'''<br />[h · ɣ]
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ǣ
!'''Approximant'''
|valign="top"| ɛː
|''' · v'''<br />[w]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ae.png|28px|AE]]
|''' · l'''<br />[l̪~ɫ]
|valign="top"| '''ae'''
|''' · r'''<br />[r~ɾ]
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee
|''' · j'''<br />[j]
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''ðij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’
|
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|}
 
==Orthography of Old Valthungian==
There is very little extant text in Old Valthungian, and what does exist is quite variable, but this is a “regularlised” version of the orthography used at the time around 850<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>, with notes where there are variants.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;"
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ǭ
!colspan=5| Letters
|valign="top"| ɔː
|colspan=3 align="left"| The twenty-seven “official” letters of the Old Valthungian alphabet are very similar to the twenty-seven letter of the Gothic alphabet, right down to the order of their numbering. There were, however, many variants, ligatures, digraphs, trigraphs, and Latin and Greek letters thrown into the mix in the few small samples we have of definitive Old Valthungian texts.
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ao.png|28px|AO]]
|valign="top"| '''ao'''
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| b
!width=65px| Griutungi
|valign="top"| b
!width=65px| IPA
!width=65px| Old Val.
!width=65px| Roman.
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value
!width=165px| Variants
!width=200px| Examples
!width=540px| Notes
|-
|valign="top"| a
|valign="top"| ɑ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]]
|valign="top"| '''a'''
|valign="top"| 1
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]]
|valign="top"| '''b'''
|valign="top"| '''b'''
|valign="top"| 2
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’
|valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| b → β
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-bv.png|26px|BV]]
|valign="top"| '''bv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| vv
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,689: Line 1,846:
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]]
|valign="top"| '''g'''
|valign="top"| '''g'''
|valign="top"| 3
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’
|valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| g
|valign="top"| ɡ → ɣ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]]
|valign="top"| '''gy'''
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð
|valign="top"| ''ao'''gy'''ou'' ‘eye’<br />''ba'''gy'''ms'' ‘tree’<br />''i'''gy'''il'' ‘hedgehog’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
Line 1,705: Line 1,855:
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]]
|valign="top"| '''d'''
|valign="top"| '''d'''
|valign="top"| 4
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’
|valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| d
|valign="top"| e
|valign="top"| d → ð
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ð.png|20px|Ð]]
|valign="top"| '''ð'''
|align="left" valign="top"| dv, dd, δ
|valign="top"| ''ae'''ð'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''ð'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''ð'''ij'' ‘meaning’
|align="left" valign="top"| Though ð is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling ϫ, the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
|-
|valign="top"| e
|valign="top"| ɛ
|valign="top"| ɛ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]]
|valign="top"| '''e'''
|valign="top"| '''e'''
|valign="top"| 5
|align="left" valign="top"| ai
|align="left" valign="top"| ai
|valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’
|valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| kw
|valign="top"| œː
|valign="top"| kʷ~kw
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eao.png|40px|EAO]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]]
|valign="top"| '''eao'''
|valign="top"| '''qv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo
|valign="top"| 6
|valign="top"| '''''eao'''ðijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’
|align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
|valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ē
|valign="top"| z
|valign="top"| eː → ei̯
|valign="top"| ʐ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ei.png|18px|EI]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]]
|valign="top"| '''ei'''
|valign="top"| '''z'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej
|valign="top"| 7
|valign="top"| ''m'''ei'''na'' ‘moon’<br />'''''ei'''maeti'' ‘ant’<br />''sw'''ei''''' ‘such, thus’
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ
|valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hwi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| h
|valign="top"| œ
|valign="top"| h~x
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eo.png|25px|EO]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]]
|valign="top"| '''eo'''
|valign="top"| '''h'''
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø
|valign="top"| 8
|valign="top"| ''w'''eo'''rkjan'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''rkjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
|valign="top"| '''''h'''ertou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| þ
|valign="top"| øː~øu̯
|valign="top"| θ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eou.png|40px|EOU]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]]
|valign="top"| '''eou'''
|valign="top"| '''þ'''
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe
|valign="top"| 9
|valign="top"| ''afm'''eou'''ðij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’
|align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref>
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
|valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugva'''þ''''' ‘light’
|align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic '''𐌸''', this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] and was replaced by [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|Þ]] for [θ] in the 11th century.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| y
|valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eu.png|28px|EU]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]]
|valign="top"| '''eu'''
|valign="top"| '''i'''
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue
|valign="top"| 10
|valign="top"| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.
|valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þjug'''i''''' ‘maid’
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| yː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-euv.png|42px|EUV]]
|valign="top"| '''euv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu
|valign="top"| ''h'''euv'''hjan'' ‘to hoard’<br />''s'''euv'''tijs'' ‘gentle’<br />''l'''euv'''kjan'' ‘to latch’
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū''').
|-
|valign="top"| kw
|valign="top"| kʷ → kw
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]]
|valign="top"| '''qv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu
|valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| z
|valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| z → ʐ
|valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]]
|valign="top"| '''z'''
|valign="top"| '''k'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ȥ
|valign="top"| 20
|valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hwi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’
|align="left" valign="top"| c
|valign="top"| '''''k'''orts'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ors'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated.
|-
|valign="top"| l
|valign="top"| l~ɫ̩
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]]
|valign="top"| '''l'''
|valign="top"| 30
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''si'''l'''ða'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| h
|valign="top"| m
|valign="top"| h~x
|valign="top"| m~m̩
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]]
|valign="top"| '''h'''
|valign="top"| '''m'''
|valign="top"| 40
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''h'''ertou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’
|valign="top"| '''''m'''aeð'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|valign="top"| n
|valign="top"| n~n̩
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]]
|valign="top"| '''n'''
|valign="top"| 50
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''ju'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’
|valign="top"| þ
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|valign="top"| θ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]]
|valign="top"| '''þ'''
|align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref>
|valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugva'''þ''''' ‘light’
|align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic 〈𐌸〉, this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] and was replaced by 〈ɵ〉 for [θ] in the 11th century.
|-
|valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]]
|valign="top"| '''i'''
|align="left"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þjug'''i''''' ‘maid’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| ī
|valign="top"| iː~ij
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]]
|valign="top"| '''ij'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij
|valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’
|align="left" valign="top"| Late in the Old Valthungian period there was a vowel lengthening of /i/ before /j/ (i.e. /ij/ > /iːj/), but this is not reflected in the Old Valthungian orthography, since the typical depiction of /iː/ was as 〈ij〉 anyway. There are, however, some examples of 〈iij〉 which is usually taken as evidence for dating this particular sound change.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-j.png|13px|J]] [[File:OV-j2.png|8px|J2]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-j.png|13px|J]]
|valign="top"| '''j'''
|valign="top"| '''j'''
|valign="top"| 60
|align="left" valign="top"| i
|align="left" valign="top"| i
|valign="top"| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />''beg'''j'''oths'' ‘both’<br />'''''j'''ungz'' ‘young’
|valign="top"| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />''beg'''j'''oths'' ‘both’<br />'''''j'''ungz'' ‘young’
|align="left" valign="top"| After 〈i〉 and before 〈u〉, 〈j〉 was written as [[File:OV-j2.png|5px|J2]], though both [[File:OV-j.png|8px|J]] and [[File:OV-j2.png|5px|J2]] are transliterated as 〈j〉.
|-
|valign="top"| iu
|valign="top"| iu̯ → ju
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ju.png|23px|JU]]
|valign="top"| '''ju'''
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv
|valign="top"| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| o
|valign="top"| k
|valign="top"| ɔ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]]
|valign="top"| '''k'''
|valign="top"| '''o'''
|align="left" valign="top"| c
|valign="top"| 70
|valign="top"| '''''k'''orts'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ors'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’
|align="left" valign="top"| au
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated.
|valign="top"| '''''o'''rtigardz'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gvuma'' ‘chief’<br />''w'''o'''rms'' ‘worm’
|-
|valign="top"| l
|valign="top"| l~ɫ̩
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]]
|valign="top"| '''l'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''si'''l'''ða'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| m
|valign="top"| p
|valign="top"| m~m̩
|valign="top"| p
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]]
|valign="top"| '''m'''
|valign="top"| '''p'''
|valign="top"| 80
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''m'''aeð'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’
|valign="top"| '''''p'''aeða'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''or'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| n
|valign="top"| ī
|valign="top"| n~n̩
|valign="top"| iː~ij
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]]
|valign="top"| '''n'''
|valign="top"| '''ij'''
|valign="top"| 90
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij
|valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’
|align="left" valign="top"| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number  𐍁.
|-
|valign="top"| r
|valign="top"| r~r̩
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]]
|valign="top"| '''r'''
|valign="top"| 100
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''ju'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’
|valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''ouð'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''we'''r''''' ‘man’
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ng
|valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| ŋɡ
|valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ng.png|26px|NG]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]]
|valign="top"| '''ng'''
|valign="top"| '''s'''
|align="left" valign="top"| gg
|valign="top"| 200
|valign="top"| ''si'''ng'''van'' ‘to sing’<br />''ga'''ng'''an'' ‘to go’<br />''wi'''ng'''z'' ‘wing’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|valign="top"| '''''s'''ougila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| nk
|valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| ŋk
|valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nk.png|27px|NK]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]]
|valign="top"| '''nk'''
|valign="top"| '''t'''
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc
|valign="top"| 300
|valign="top"| ''dri'''nk'''an'' ‘to drink’<br />''a'''nk'''e'' ‘lower leg’<br />''u'''nk'''is'' ‘to us’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''jugi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rjugijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| nkw
|valign="top"| w
|valign="top"| ŋkw
|valign="top"| w
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nqv.png|38px|NQV]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-v.png|13px|V]]
|valign="top"| '''nqv'''
|valign="top"| '''v'''
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu...
|valign="top"| 400
|valign="top"| ''i'''nqv'''ar'' ‘your’<br />''hri'''nkv'''an'' ‘to gather’<br />''sa'''nkv'''us'' ‘sunset’
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|valign="top"| '''''v'''ilðijs'' ‘wild’<br />''saliþ'''v'''a'' ‘guest room’<br />''s'''v'''ei'' ‘as though’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| o
|valign="top"| f
|valign="top"| ɔ
|valign="top"| ɸ~f
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]]
|valign="top"| '''o'''
|valign="top"| '''f'''
|align="left" valign="top"| au
|valign="top"| 500
|valign="top"| '''''o'''rtigardz'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gvuma'' ‘chief’<br />''w'''o'''rms'' ‘worm’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’
|valign="top"| ō
|valign="top"| oː → ou̯
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ou.png|28px|OU]]
|valign="top"| '''ou'''
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov
|valign="top"| '''''ou'''s'' ‘river-mouth’<br />''s'''ou'''gila'' ‘sun’<br />''t'''ou''''' ‘to, toward’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| p
|valign="top"| kh
|valign="top"| p
|valign="top"| kʰ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]]
|valign="top"| '''p'''
|valign="top"| '''x'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| 600
|valign="top"| '''''p'''aeða'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''or'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’
|align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated.
|valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ew'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had merged phonologically with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| r
|valign="top"| hw
|valign="top"| r~r̩
|valign="top"| xw
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]]
|valign="top"| '''r'''
|valign="top"| '''hv'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| 700
|valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''ouð'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''we'''r''''' ‘man’
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.)
|valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’
|-
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''',  is transliterated as '''hv''', but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century.
|valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| s
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]]
|valign="top"| '''s'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''s'''ougila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| t
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]]
|valign="top"| '''t'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''jugi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rjugijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| u
|valign="top"| u
Line 1,945: Line 2,053:
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-u.png|13px|U]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-u.png|13px|U]]
|valign="top"| '''u'''
|valign="top"| '''u'''
|valign="top"| 800
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''u'''lbvand'''u'''s'' ‘rhinocerus’<br />'''''u'''bvils'' ‘evil’<br />'''''u'''nþ'' ‘until’
|valign="top"| '''''u'''lbvand'''u'''s'' ‘rhinocerus’<br />'''''u'''bvils'' ‘evil’<br />'''''u'''nþ'' ‘until’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ū
|valign="top"| j
|valign="top"| uː
|valign="top"| ʝ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-uv.png|28px|UV]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-j2.png|8px|J2]]
|valign="top"| '''uv'''
|valign="top"| '''ʒ'''
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu
|valign="top"| 900
|valign="top"| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘house’
|align="left" valign="top"| i, j
|valign="top"| ''þri'''ʒ'''a'' ‘three’<br />''teao'''ʒ'''jan'' ‘to do’<br />''be'''ʒ'''ouþs'' ‘both’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| f
!colspan=5| Ligatures & Polygraphs
|valign="top"| ɸ
|colspan=3 align="left"| Most of these represent single phonemes and might be considered letters in their own right, but were not part of the numbered Gothic alphabet.
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]]
|valign="top"| '''f'''
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| w
!width=65px| Griutungi
|valign="top"| w
!width=65px| IPA
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-v.png|13px|V]]
!width=65px| Old Val.
|valign="top"| '''v'''
!width=65px| Roman.
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value
|valign="top"| '''''v'''ilðijs'' ‘wild’<br />''saliþ'''v'''a'' ‘guest room’<br />''s'''v'''ei'' ‘as though’
!width=165px| Variants
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
!width=200px| Examples
!width=540px| Notes
|-
|-
|valign="top"| ÿ
|valign="top"| ā
|valign="top"| ʏ
|valign="top"| ɑː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-aa.png|28px|AA]]
|valign="top"| '''y'''
|valign="top"| '''aa'''
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period.
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely.
|-
|-
|valign="top"| kh
|valign="top"| ǣ
|valign="top"| kʰ
|valign="top"| ɛː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ae.png|28px|AE]]
|valign="top"| '''x'''
|valign="top"| '''ae'''
|align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ew'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had merged phonologically with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''.
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''ðij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|valign="top"| hw
|valign="top"| ǭ
|valign="top"| xw
|valign="top"| ɔː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]]
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ao.png|28px|AO]]
|valign="top"| '''hv'''
|valign="top"| '''ao'''
|align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''',  is transliterated as 〈hv〉, but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century.
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’
|}
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
 
|-
|valign="top"| b
|valign="top"| β~v
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-bv.png|26px|BV]]
|valign="top"| '''bv'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| vv
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| g
|valign="top"| ɣ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]]
|valign="top"| '''gy'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð
|valign="top"| ''ao'''gy'''ou'' ‘eye’<br />''ba'''gy'''ms'' ‘tree’<br />''i'''gy'''il'' ‘hedgehog’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| d
|valign="top"| ð
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ð.png|20px|Ð]]
|valign="top"| '''ð'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| dv, dy, δ
|valign="top"| ''ae'''ð'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''ð'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''ð'''ij'' ‘meaning’
|align="left" valign="top"| Though '''ð''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used.
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| œː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eao.png|40px|EAO]]
|valign="top"| '''eao'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo
|valign="top"| '''''eao'''ðijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au''').
|-
|valign="top"| ē
|valign="top"| eː~ei̯
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ei.png|18px|EI]]
|valign="top"| '''ei'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej
|valign="top"| ''m'''ei'''na'' ‘moon’<br />'''''ei'''maeti'' ‘ant’<br />''sw'''ei''''' ‘such, thus’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| œ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eo.png|25px|EO]]
|valign="top"| '''eo'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø
|valign="top"| ''w'''eo'''rkjan'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''rkjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au''').
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| øː~øu̯
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eou.png|40px|EOU]]
|valign="top"| '''eou'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe
|valign="top"| ''afm'''eou'''ðij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō''').
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| y
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eu.png|28px|EU]]
|valign="top"| '''eu'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue
|valign="top"| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''.
|-
|valign="top"| -
|valign="top"| yː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-euv.png|42px|EUV]]
|valign="top"| '''euv'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu
|valign="top"| ''h'''euv'''hjan'' ‘to hoard’<br />''s'''euv'''tijs'' ‘gentle’<br />''l'''euv'''kjan'' ‘to latch’
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū''').
|-
|valign="top"| iu
|valign="top"| ju
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ju.png|23px|JU]]
|valign="top"| '''ju'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv
|valign="top"| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| ng
|valign="top"| ŋɡ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ng.png|26px|NG]]
|valign="top"| '''ng'''
|valign="top"| 53
|align="left" valign="top"| gg
|valign="top"| ''si'''ng'''van'' ‘to sing’<br />''ga'''ng'''an'' ‘to go’<br />''wi'''ng'''z'' ‘wing’
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|valign="top"| nk
|valign="top"| ŋk
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nk.png|27px|NK]]
|valign="top"| '''nk'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc
|valign="top"| ''dri'''nk'''an'' ‘to drink’<br />''a'''nk'''e'' ‘lower leg’<br />''u'''nk'''is'' ‘to us’
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|valign="top"| nkw
|valign="top"| ŋkw
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nqv.png|38px|NQV]]
|valign="top"| '''nqv'''
|valign="top"| 56
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu...
|valign="top"| ''i'''nqv'''ar'' ‘your’<br />''hri'''nkv'''an'' ‘to gather’<br />''sa'''nkv'''us'' ‘sunset’
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic.
|-
|valign="top"| ō
|valign="top"| oː~ou̯
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ou.png|28px|OU]]
|valign="top"| '''ou'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov
|valign="top"| '''''ou'''s'' ‘river-mouth’<br />''s'''ou'''gila'' ‘sun’<br />''t'''ou''''' ‘to, toward’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| ū
|valign="top"| uː
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-uv.png|28px|UV]]
|valign="top"| '''uv'''
|valign="top"| -
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu
|valign="top"| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘house’
|align="left" valign="top"| &nbsp;
|-
|valign="top"| ÿ
|valign="top"| ʏ
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]]
|valign="top"| '''y'''
|valign="top"| 400
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui
|valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400).  
|}
 
==An Old Valthungian Text==
==An Old Valthungian Text==
Though there are very few extant Old Valthungian texts, obnoxiously large numbers of the Pater Noster text have been discovered:
Though there are very few extant Old Valthungian texts, obnoxiously large numbers of the Pater Noster text have been discovered. Here's one now:
 
[[File:OV Pater noster.png|Pater Noster in Old Valthungian ca. 952<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>]]


  ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn
  ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn
  qvimae þjuðinahsus þijns verðae vilja þijns  
  qvimae þjuðinahsus þijns verðae vilja þijns  
  svei in himina jah an erðae  
  svei in himina jah an erðae hlaef unsaran
  hlaef unsaran þan sintijnan gif uns hitma dagya
  þan sintijnan gif uns hitma dagya jah afleit
  jah afleit uns þetij skulans sijaem
  uns þetij skulans sijaem svasvei jah vijs
svasvei jah vijs afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem  
afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringae[s]
  jah nij bringaes uns in fraestuvnjae
  uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þatma
ak leausij uns af þatma uvilin
ubvilin untei þijna ist þjuðangarði jah mahts
  untei þijna ist þjuðangarði  
  jah vulðus in aejugins · ahmein
  jah mahts jah vulðus in aejugins  
amein
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