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Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''saeʒjan → saeʒiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžjen → sǣžjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjɛn → se̞ːʒjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”) | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 283: | Line 283: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*swimman → *swamm''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm(ː)/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''*swimman → *swamm''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm(ː)/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*swimman → *swam''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*swimman → *swam''''' <br />/swimːɑn → swɑm/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''svitman → svam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''switman → swam''''' <br />/switmɑn → swɑm/ | ||
| Line 299: | Line 299: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa → gawiss''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis(s)/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa → gawiss''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis(s)/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''wissa → gawis''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''wissa → gawis''''' <br />/wisːɑ → gaˈwis/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''vihsa → gavis''''' <br />/wihsɑ → gɑˈwis/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawis''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawis''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawís''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa → gawís''''' <br />/wiːsɑ → gɑˈwis/ | ||
| Line 405: | Line 405: | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''* | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/ou̯ɣɑn/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan''''' <br />/ɔu̯ɡn̩/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan''''' <br />/ɔu̯ɡn̩/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/ | ||
| Line 510: | Line 510: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sildaleiks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sildaleiks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sildalīks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sildalīks''''' <br />/sildɑliːks/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''silðalijks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðalīks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðalīks''''' <br />/silðɑliːks/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðaliks''''' <br />/silðɑliks/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''silðaliks''''' <br />/silðɑliks/ | ||
| Line 518: | Line 518: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''baurgeins''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''baurgeins''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*borgīns''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*borgīns''''' <br />/bɔrɡiːns/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''* | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*beorgyijns''''' <br />/bœrɣiːns/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''boergīns''''' <br />/bø̞rɡiːns/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''boergīns''''' <br />/bø̞rɡiːns/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''bœrgins''''' <br />/bø̞rɡins/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''bœrgins''''' <br />/bø̞rɡins/ | ||
| Line 892: | Line 892: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winds''''' <br />/winds/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''winds''''' <br />/winds/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*winds''''' <br />/winds/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''*winds''''' <br />/winds/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vindz''''' <br />/windʐ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''windž''''' <br />/windʒ/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''windž''''' <br />/windʒ/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''winǧ''''' <br />/winʤ/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''winǧ''''' <br />/winʤ/ | ||
| Line 1,004: | Line 1,004: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''praizbwtairei''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''praizbwtairei''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''* | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*prespyterij''''' <br />/prespʏteriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespyterī''''' <br />/prespyteriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’ | ||
| Line 1,067: | Line 1,067: | ||
!width="75"| Griut. | !width="75"| Griut. | ||
!width="75"| O.Val. | !width="75"| O.Val. | ||
!width=" | !width="80"| M.Val. | ||
!width="75"| Valth. | !width="75"| Valth. | ||
!width="100"| | !width="100"| | ||
| Line 1,074: | Line 1,074: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wissa''''' <br />/wisːɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''vihsa''''' <br />/wihsɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''wīsa''''' <br />/wiːsɑ/ | ||
| Line 1,256: | Line 1,256: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''þu''''' <br />/θu/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''þuv''''' <br />/θuː/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''þū''''' <br />/θuː/ | ||
| Line 1,264: | Line 1,264: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sa''''' <br />/sɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''saa''''' <br />/sɑː/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sā''''' <br />/sɑː/ | ||
| Line 1,270: | Line 1,270: | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Lengthening of /ij/==== | <!--====Lengthening of /ij/==== | ||
All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking. | All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking. | ||
| Line 1,308: | Line 1,308: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sneiwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sneiwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snīwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''snīwan''''' <br />/ˈsniːwɑn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''snijugyan''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɣɑn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugn''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡn̩/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugn''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡn̩/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugna''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡnɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''snījugna''''' <br />/ˈsniːjuɡnɑ/ | ||
| Line 1,316: | Line 1,316: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnds''''' <br />/frijoːnds/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnds''''' <br />/frijoːnds/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnþs''''' <br />/frijoːnθs/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''frijōnþs''''' <br />/frijoːnθs/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''frijounþs''''' <br />/friːjoːnθs/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frījonþs''''' <br />/friːjonθs/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''frījonþs''''' <br />/friːjonθs/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’ | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory==== | ====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory==== | ||
| Line 1,461: | Line 1,461: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sunja''''' <br />/ˈsunjɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''seunja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''synja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''synja''''' <br />/ˈsynjɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''synia''''' <br />/ˈsyniɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''synia''''' <br />/ˈsyniɑ/ | ||
| Line 1,472: | Line 1,472: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnja''''' <br />/gɑˈryːnjɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnja''''' <br />/gɑˈryːnjɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnia''''' <br />/gɑˈryːniɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnia''''' <br />/gɑˈryːniɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mystery.<span style=" | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mystery.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span>’ | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,483: | Line 1,483: | ||
| '''j''' | | '''j''' | ||
| → | | → | ||
| ''' | | '''ɣ''' | ||
| / | | / | ||
| # ___ '''iu''' | | # ___ '''iu''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
“'''j''' becomes ''' | “'''j''' becomes '''ɣ''' before '''iu''' when word-initial.” | ||
E.g.: | E.g.: | ||
| Line 1,504: | Line 1,504: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiul''''' <br />/jiu̯l/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjul''''' <br />/ɣjul/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjul''''' <br />/gʒjul/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjul''''' <br />/gʒjul/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧul''''' <br />/ʤul/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧul''''' <br />/ʤul/ | ||
| Line 1,512: | Line 1,512: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiukan''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯kɑn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjukan''''' <br />/ˈɣjukɑn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjukn''''' <br />/gʒjukn̩/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjukn''''' <br />/gʒjukn̩/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧukna''''' <br />/ʤuknɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧukna''''' <br />/ʤuknɑ/ | ||
| Line 1,520: | Line 1,520: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''iusilōn''''' <br />/ˈiu̯siloːn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''iusilōn''''' <br />/ˈiu̯siloːn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiusilōn''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯siloːn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''jiusilōn''''' <br />/ˈjiu̯siloːn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''gyjusiloun''''' <br />/ˈɣjusiloːn/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjusilon''''' <br />/ˈgʒjusilon/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''gžjusilon''''' <br />/ˈgʒjusilon/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧusilan''''' <br />/ˈʤusilɑn/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''ǧusilan''''' <br />/ˈʤusilɑn/ | ||
| Line 1,611: | Line 1,611: | ||
| '''j''' | | '''j''' | ||
| → | | → | ||
| ''' | | '''ʝj''' | ||
| / | | / | ||
| '''V''' | | '''V''' | ||
| Line 1,796: | Line 1,796: | ||
|'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ] | |'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ] | ||
|'''s · z'''<br />[s · ʐ] | |'''s · z'''<br />[s · ʐ] | ||
| | |''' · ʒ'''<br />[ʝ] | ||
|'''h · gy'''<br />[h · ɣ] | |'''h · gy'''<br />[h · ɣ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,811: | Line 1,811: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=5| Letters | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| The twenty-seven “official” letters of the Old Valthungian alphabet are very similar to the twenty-seven letter of the Gothic alphabet, right down to the order of their numbering. There were, however, many variants, ligatures, digraphs, trigraphs, and Latin and Greek letters thrown into the mix in the few small samples we have of definitive Old Valthungian texts. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!width=65px| Griutungi | !width=65px| Griutungi | ||
| Line 1,816: | Line 1,819: | ||
!width=65px| Old Val. | !width=65px| Old Val. | ||
!width=65px| Roman. | !width=65px| Roman. | ||
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | |||
!width=165px| Variants | !width=165px| Variants | ||
!width=200px| Examples | !width=200px| Examples | ||
| Line 1,824: | Line 1,828: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''a''' | |valign="top"| '''a''' | ||
|valign="top"| 1 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | |valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| b | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| b | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''b''' | ||
|valign="top"| 2 | |||
|valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’ | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɡ | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɡ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''g''' | |valign="top"| '''g''' | ||
|valign="top"| 3 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | |valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | |||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| d | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''d''' | |valign="top"| '''d''' | ||
|valign="top"| 4 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’ | |valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| e | |valign="top"| e | ||
| Line 1,904: | Line 1,864: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''e''' | |valign="top"| '''e''' | ||
|valign="top"| 5 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai | |align="left" valign="top"| ai | ||
|valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’ | |valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kw | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kʷ~kw | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''qv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 6 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| z | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ʐ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''z''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 7 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| ȥ | ||
|valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hwi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| h | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| h~x | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''h''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 8 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''h'''ertou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| þ | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| θ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''þ''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 9 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref> | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugva'''þ''''' ‘light’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic '''𐌸''', this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] and was replaced by [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|Þ]] for [θ] in the 11th century. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| i | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| i | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''i''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 10 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þjug'''i''''' ‘maid’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| k | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| k | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''k''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 20 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| c | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''k'''orts'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ors'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| l | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| l~ɫ̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''l''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 30 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''si'''l'''ða'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| m | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| m~m̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''m''' | ||
|valign="top"| 40 | |||
|valign="top"| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''m'''aeð'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| n | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| n~n̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''n''' | ||
|valign="top"| 50 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''ju'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| j | |||
|valign="top"| j | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-j.png|13px|J]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''j''' | |||
|valign="top"| 60 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| i | |||
|valign="top"| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />''beg'''j'''oths'' ‘both’<br />'''''j'''ungz'' ‘young’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| o | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɔ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''o''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 70 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| au | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''o'''rtigardz'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gvuma'' ‘chief’<br />''w'''o'''rms'' ‘worm’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| p | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| p | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''p''' | ||
|valign="top"| 80 | |||
|valign="top"| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''p'''aeða'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''or'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| ī | |valign="top"| ī | ||
| Line 2,000: | Line 1,981: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''ij''' | |valign="top"| '''ij''' | ||
|valign="top"| 90 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij | |align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij | ||
|valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’ | |valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| r | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| r~r̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''r''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 100 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''ouð'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''we'''r''''' ‘man’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| s | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| s | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''s''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 200 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''s'''ougila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| t | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| t | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''t''' | ||
|valign="top"| 300 | |||
|valign="top"| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''jugi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rjugijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| w | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| w | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-v.png|13px|V]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''v''' | ||
|valign="top"| 400 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ | |||
|valign="top"| '''''v'''ilðijs'' ‘wild’<br />''saliþ'''v'''a'' ‘guest room’<br />''s'''v'''ei'' ‘as though’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| f | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɸ~f | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''f''' | ||
|valign="top"| 500 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kh | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kʰ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''x''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 600 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ew'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had merged phonologically with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| hw | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| xw | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''hv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 700 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''', is transliterated as '''hv''', but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| u | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| u | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-u.png|13px|U]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''u''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 800 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''u'''lbvand'''u'''s'' ‘rhinocerus’<br />'''''u'''bvils'' ‘evil’<br />'''''u'''nþ'' ‘until’ | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| j | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ʝ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-j2.png|8px|J2]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ʒ''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 900 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| i, j | ||
|valign="top"| ''þri'''ʒ'''a'' ‘three’<br />''teao'''ʒ'''jan'' ‘to do’<br />''be'''ʒ'''ouþs'' ‘both’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=5| Ligatures & Polygraphs | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| Most of these represent single phonemes and might be considered letters in their own right, but were not part of the numbered Gothic alphabet. | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | !width=65px| Griutungi | ||
|valign="top"| | !width=65px| IPA | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | !width=65px| Old Val. | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | !width=65px| Roman. | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | !width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | !width=165px| Variants | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | !width=200px| Examples | ||
!width=540px| Notes | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ā | |||
|valign="top"| ɑː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-aa.png|28px|AA]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''aa''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ǣ | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɛː | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ae.png|28px|AE]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ae''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee | ||
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''ðij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ǭ | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɔː | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ao.png|28px|AO]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ao''' | ||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| b | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| β~v | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-bv.png|26px|BV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''bv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| vv | ||
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| g | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɣ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''gy''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| y, gð | ||
|valign="top"| ''ao'''gy'''ou'' ‘eye’<br />''ba'''gy'''ms'' ‘tree’<br />''i'''gy'''il'' ‘hedgehog’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| f | |valign="top"| d | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ð | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ð.png|20px|Ð]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ð''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| '''''f''' | |align="left" valign="top"| dv, dy, δ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ''ae'''ð'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''ð'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''ð'''ij'' ‘meaning’ | ||
|- | |align="left" valign="top"| Though '''ð''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used. | ||
|valign="top"| | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| œː | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-eao.png|40px|EAO]] | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''eao''' | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo | |||
|valign="top"| '''''eao'''ðijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ē | |||
|valign="top"| eː~ei̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ei.png|18px|EI]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ei''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej | |||
|valign="top"| ''m'''ei'''na'' ‘moon’<br />'''''ei'''maeti'' ‘ant’<br />''sw'''ei''''' ‘such, thus’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| œ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eo.png|25px|EO]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eo''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø | |||
|valign="top"| ''w'''eo'''rkjan'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''rkjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| øː~øu̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eou.png|40px|EOU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eou''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe | |||
|valign="top"| ''afm'''eou'''ðij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| y | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eu.png|28px|EU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eu''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue | |||
|valign="top"| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| yː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-euv.png|42px|EUV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''euv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''euv'''hjan'' ‘to hoard’<br />''s'''euv'''tijs'' ‘gentle’<br />''l'''euv'''kjan'' ‘to latch’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| iu | |||
|valign="top"| ju | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ju.png|23px|JU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ju''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ng | |||
|valign="top"| ŋɡ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ng.png|26px|NG]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ng''' | |||
|valign="top"| 53 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gg | |||
|valign="top"| ''si'''ng'''van'' ‘to sing’<br />''ga'''ng'''an'' ‘to go’<br />''wi'''ng'''z'' ‘wing’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| nk | |||
|valign="top"| ŋk | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nk.png|27px|NK]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''nk''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc | |||
|valign="top"| ''dri'''nk'''an'' ‘to drink’<br />''a'''nk'''e'' ‘lower leg’<br />''u'''nk'''is'' ‘to us’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| nkw | |||
|valign="top"| ŋkw | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nqv.png|38px|NQV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''nqv''' | |||
|valign="top"| 56 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu... | |||
|valign="top"| ''i'''nqv'''ar'' ‘your’<br />''hri'''nkv'''an'' ‘to gather’<br />''sa'''nkv'''us'' ‘sunset’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ō | |||
|valign="top"| oː~ou̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ou.png|28px|OU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ou''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ou'''s'' ‘river-mouth’<br />''s'''ou'''gila'' ‘sun’<br />''t'''ou''''' ‘to, toward’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ū | |||
|valign="top"| uː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-uv.png|28px|UV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''uv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu | |||
|valign="top"| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘house’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 2,160: | Line 2,245: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''y''' | |valign="top"| '''y''' | ||
|valign="top"| 400 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | |align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | ||
|valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’ | |valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. | |align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400). | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 2,192: | Line 2,262: | ||
uns þetij skulans sijaem svasvei jah vijs | uns þetij skulans sijaem svasvei jah vijs | ||
afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringae[s] | afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringae[s] | ||
uns in fraestubvnjae ak | uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þatma | ||
ubvilin untei þijna ist þjuðangarði jah mahts | ubvilin untei þijna ist þjuðangarði jah mahts | ||
jah vulðus in aejugins · ahmein | jah vulðus in aejugins · ahmein | ||
. | . | ||