9,114
edits
Old Valthungian: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m
→Umlaut
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) |
Bpnjohnson (talk | contribs) m (→Umlaut) |
||
| (6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 150: | Line 150: | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | |style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''saeʒjan → saeʒiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžjen → sǣžjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjɛn → se̞ːʒjiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”) | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,005: | Line 1,005: | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''*prezbyterī''''' <br />/prɛːzbʏtɛriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*prespyterij''''' <br />/prespʏteriː/ | | style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*prespyterij''''' <br />/prespʏteriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| ''''' | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespyterī''''' <br />/prespyteriː/ | ||
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/ | | style="text-align: center;"| '''''prespiteri''''' <br />/prespiteri/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘council of elders’ | ||
| Line 1,067: | Line 1,067: | ||
!width="75"| Griut. | !width="75"| Griut. | ||
!width="75"| O.Val. | !width="75"| O.Val. | ||
!width=" | !width="80"| M.Val. | ||
!width="75"| Valth. | !width="75"| Valth. | ||
!width="100"| | !width="100"| | ||
| Line 1,270: | Line 1,270: | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Lengthening of /ij/==== | <!--====Lengthening of /ij/==== | ||
All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking. | All instances of '''ij''' become lengthened. (More accurately, '''ij''' becomes '''ī''', and then the persistent glide-insertion rule immediately restores '''j''' before a following vowel, but it's simpler to just say that '''ij''' becomes '''īj'''.) NB: Because of the orthography of Old Valthungian, in which the long vowel /iː/ is represented by 〈ij〉, this change is not represented in the orthography, but is indicated by other changes; for example, this change must have occurred before long diphthong breaking. | ||
| Line 1,320: | Line 1,320: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''frīnþs''''' <br />/friːnθs/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’ | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘friend’ | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory==== | ====Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory==== | ||
| Line 1,472: | Line 1,472: | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnja''''' <br />/gɑˈryːnjɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnja''''' <br />/gɑˈryːnjɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnia''''' <br />/gɑˈryːniɑ/ | |style="text-align: center;"| '''''garȳnia''''' <br />/gɑˈryːniɑ/ | ||
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mystery.<span style=" | |style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mystery.<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">dat</span>’ | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 1,796: | Line 1,796: | ||
|'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ] | |'''ð · þ'''<br />[ð · θ] | ||
|'''s · z'''<br />[s · ʐ] | |'''s · z'''<br />[s · ʐ] | ||
| | |''' · ʒ'''<br />[ʝ] | ||
|'''h · gy'''<br />[h · ɣ] | |'''h · gy'''<br />[h · ɣ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,811: | Line 1,811: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width: 1100px;" | ||
|- | |||
!colspan=5| Letters | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| The twenty-seven “official” letters of the Old Valthungian alphabet are very similar to the twenty-seven letter of the Gothic alphabet, right down to the order of their numbering. There were, however, many variants, ligatures, digraphs, trigraphs, and Latin and Greek letters thrown into the mix in the few small samples we have of definitive Old Valthungian texts. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!width=65px| Griutungi | !width=65px| Griutungi | ||
| Line 1,816: | Line 1,819: | ||
!width=65px| Old Val. | !width=65px| Old Val. | ||
!width=65px| Roman. | !width=65px| Roman. | ||
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | |||
!width=165px| Variants | !width=165px| Variants | ||
!width=200px| Examples | !width=200px| Examples | ||
| Line 1,824: | Line 1,828: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-a.png|13px|A]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''a''' | |valign="top"| '''a''' | ||
|valign="top"| 1 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | |valign="top"| '''''a'''rms'' ‘poor’<br />''g'''a'''f'' ‘gave’<br />'''''a'''nþ'''a'''r'' ‘second’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,856: | Line 1,837: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-b.png|13px|B]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''b''' | |valign="top"| '''b''' | ||
|valign="top"| 2 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’ | |valign="top"| '''''b'''arðou'' ‘axe’<br />''krah'''b'''a'' ‘crab’<br />''kal'''b''''' ‘calf’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɡ | |valign="top"| ɡ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-g.png|12px|G]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''g''' | |valign="top"| '''g''' | ||
|valign="top"| 3 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | |valign="top"| '''''g'''ibvan'' ‘to give’<br />'''''g'''ardz'' ‘yard’<br />''da'''g'''z'' ‘day’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,888: | Line 1,855: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-d.png|17px|D]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''d''' | |valign="top"| '''d''' | ||
|valign="top"| 4 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’ | |valign="top"| '''''d'''agz'' ‘day’<br />''ah'''d'''i'' ‘egg’<br />''wor'''d''''' ‘word’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| e | |valign="top"| e | ||
| Line 1,904: | Line 1,864: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-e.png|13px|E]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''e''' | |valign="top"| '''e''' | ||
|valign="top"| 5 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai | |align="left" valign="top"| ai | ||
|valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’ | |valign="top"| '''''e'''rða'' ‘earth’<br />''m'''e'''rij'' ‘sea’<br />''s'''e'''tjan'' ‘to set’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kw | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kʷ~kw | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-qv.png|23px|QV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''qv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 6 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| kv, q, ku, cv, cu | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''qv'''ernu'' ‘mill’<br />''in'''qv'''is'' ‘to you both’<br />''ri'''qv'''iza'' ‘darker’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| z | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ʐ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-z.png|13px|Z]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''z''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 7 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| ȥ | ||
|valign="top"| ''þi'''z'''ae'' ‘to that’<br />''hwi'''z'''a'''z'''ij'' ‘whatever’<br />''i'''z'''ous'' ‘hers’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| h | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| h~x | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-h.png|13px|H]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''h''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 8 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''h'''ertou'' ‘heart’<br />''te'''h'''un'' ‘ten’<br />''fa'''h''''' ‘glad’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| þ | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| θ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-th.png|18px|Þ]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''þ''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 9 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| th, fh, c<ref>'''c''' for /θ/ is anomalous, only appearing in one extant instance, and is most likely the result of a transcription error, though many have used it (grossly incorrectly) to associate Old Valthungian with the Iberian Goths, positing that this somehow relates to ''ceceo'' in modern Spanish. It absolutely does not, and the Old Valthungian speakers never came within 500 miles of present-day Spain, but facts have never stood in the way of good speculation.</ref> | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''þ'''ju'''þ''''' ‘people’<br />''frija'''þ'''vou'' ‘love’<br />''ljugva'''þ''''' ‘light’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| From the Gothic '''𐌸''', this letter represented [θ] in Old Valthungian as it did in Gothic, but became [v] and was replaced by [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|Þ]] for [θ] in the 11th century. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| i | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| i | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-i.png|4px|I]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''i''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 10 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''i'''gy'''i'''l'' ‘hedgehog’<br />'''''i'''zae'' ‘to her’<br />''þjug'''i''''' ‘maid’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| k | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| k | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-k.png|13px|K]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''k''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 20 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| c | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''k'''orts'' ‘short’<br />''tae'''k'''ors'' ‘brother-in-law’<br />''mas'''k''''' ‘mesh, grid’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''kh''' or '''ch''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| l | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| l~ɫ̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-l.png|13px|L]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''l''' | ||
| | |valign="top"| 30 | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''l'''angz'' ‘long’<br />''si'''l'''ða'''l'''ijks'' ‘amazing’<br />''tag'''l''''' ‘tail’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| m | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| m~m̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-m.png|13px|M]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''m''' | ||
|valign="top"| 40 | |||
|valign="top"| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''m'''aeð'''m'''s'' ‘gift’<br />'''''m'''ikils'' ‘great’<br />''ogvu'''m'''a'' ‘primary’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| n | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| n~n̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-n.png|13px|N]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''n''' | ||
|valign="top"| 50 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |valign="top"| '''''n'''aoþs'' ‘need’<br />'''''n'''ju'''n'''tehu'''n''''' ‘nineteen’<br />'''''n'''ima'''n''''' ‘to take’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| j | |||
|valign="top"| j | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-j.png|13px|J]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''j''' | |||
|valign="top"| 60 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| i | |||
|valign="top"| '''''j'''eir'' ‘year’<br />''beg'''j'''oths'' ‘both’<br />'''''j'''ungz'' ‘young’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| o | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɔ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-o.png|13px|O]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''o''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 70 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| au | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''o'''rtigardz'' ‘garden’<br />'''''o'''gvuma'' ‘chief’<br />''w'''o'''rms'' ‘worm’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| p | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| p | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-p.png|13px|P]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''p''' | ||
|valign="top"| 80 | |||
|valign="top"| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''p'''aeða'' ‘shirt’<br />'''''p'''or'''p'''ora'' ‘purple’<br />''slei'''p'''an'' ‘to sleep’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''ph''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| ī | |valign="top"| ī | ||
| Line 2,000: | Line 1,981: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ij.png|10px|IJ]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''ij''' | |valign="top"| '''ij''' | ||
|valign="top"| 90 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij | |align="left" valign="top"| ī, ei, ij | ||
|valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’ | |valign="top"| '''''ij'''s'' ‘ice’<br />'''''ij'''a'' ‘her’<br />''djup'''ij''''' ‘depth’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| There is only scant evidence that this ligature was used to represent the value of the number ‘90’, and it is disputable whether the evidence in question is actually the 〈ij〉 ligature, or a holdover of the Gothic number 𐍁. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| r | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| r~r̩ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-r.png|13px|R]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''r''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 100 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''r'''iqvus'' ‘dark’<br />''b'''r'''ouð'''r''''' ‘brother’<br />''we'''r''''' ‘man’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| (Syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants were not differentiated in Old Valthungian.) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| s | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| s | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-s.png|13px|S]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''s''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 200 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''s'''ougila'' ‘sun’<br />'''''s'''eh'''s'''tigju'''s''''' ‘sixty’<br />'''''s'''uv'''s''''' ‘sow’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| t | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| t | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-t.png|13px|T]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''t''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 300 | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as ''' | |valign="top"| '''''t'''ungl'' ‘star’<br />''s'''t'''jugi'''t'''i'' ‘patience’<br />'''''t'''rjugijna'''t''''' ‘wooden’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written as '''th''' when aspirated. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| w | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| w | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-v.png|13px|V]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''v''' | ||
|valign="top"| 400 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| vv, uu, ƿ | |||
|valign="top"| '''''v'''ilðijs'' ‘wild’<br />''saliþ'''v'''a'' ‘guest room’<br />''s'''v'''ei'' ‘as though’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| f | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɸ~f | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-f.png|12px|F]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''f''' | ||
|valign="top"| 500 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |valign="top"| '''''f'''im'''f''''' ‘five’<br />''svum'''f'''sl'' ‘’<br />''hlae'''f''''' ‘bread’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kh | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| kʰ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-x.png|13px|KH]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''x''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 600 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| kh, ch, x, χ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''X'''ristus'' ‘Christ’<br />''ew'''x'''aristja'' ‘eucharist’<br />''kate'''x'''ijns'' ‘remembrance’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| This Greek borrowing, which was incorporated into the Gothic alphabet as '''𐍇''', had merged phonologically with '''k''' by the Old Valthungian period, but was occasionally still emphasized with '''h''' or even with the Greek letter '''χ''' in positions which were not naturally aspirated. Indeed, '''h''' was sometimes added to segments which ''were'' naturally aspirated, as also happened with '''p''' and '''t'''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| hw | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| xw | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-hw.png|18px|HV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''hv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| 700 | ||
|valign="top"| '' | |align="left" valign="top"| hv, hw, chv, hu | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''''hv'''ilftri'' ‘curve’<br />''se'''hv'''an'' ‘to see’<br />''nei'''hv''''' ‘near’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| The Old Valthungian letter most commonly written as [[File:OV-hw.png|11px|HV]], from Gothic '''𐍈''', is transliterated as '''hv''', but later came to represent [θ] during the 11th century. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| u | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| u | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-u.png|13px|U]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''u''' | |||
|valign="top"| 800 | |||
|valign="top"| ''' | |||
| | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|valign="top"| '''''u'''lbvand'''u'''s'' ‘rhinocerus’<br />'''''u'''bvils'' ‘evil’<br />'''''u'''nþ'' ‘until’ | |||
|valign="top"| ''' | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| j | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ʝ | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-j2.png|8px|J2]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ʒ''' | ||
|valign="top"| 900 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| i, j | |||
|valign="top"| ''þri'''ʒ'''a'' ‘three’<br />''teao'''ʒ'''jan'' ‘to do’<br />''be'''ʒ'''ouþs'' ‘both’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan=5| Ligatures & Polygraphs | |||
|colspan=3 align="left"| Most of these represent single phonemes and might be considered letters in their own right, but were not part of the numbered Gothic alphabet. | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!width=65px| Griutungi | |||
!width=65px| IPA | |||
!width=65px| Old Val. | |||
!width=65px| Roman. | |||
!width=65px| Numeric<br />Value | |||
!width=165px| Variants | |||
| | !width=200px| Examples | ||
!width=540px| Notes | |||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ā | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɑː | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-aa.png|28px|AA]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''aa''' | ||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| a, ā | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''aa'''hs'' ‘shark’<br />''f'''aa'''han'' ‘to capture’<br />''andaþ'''aa'''ht'' ‘rational’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Long vowels were sometimes indicated by doubling, sometimes with a macron or any of a half dozen other markings, or ignored completely. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ǣ | |||
|valign="top"| ɛː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ae.png|28px|AE]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ae''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ai, ee | |||
|valign="top"| ''br'''ae'''þ'' ‘wide’<br />'''''ae'''ðij'' ‘mother’<br />''tw'''ae''''' ‘two’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ǭ | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ɔː | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ao.png|28px|AO]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ao''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| au, oa, oo, ō | ||
|valign="top"| '''''ao'''gyou'' ‘eye’<br />''fr'''ao'''s'' ‘happy’<br />''n'''ao'''huhþan'' ‘still, yet’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| b | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| β~v | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-bv.png|26px|BV]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''bv''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |align="left" valign="top"| vv | ||
|valign="top"| ''sil'''bv'''a'' ‘self’<br />''ar'''bv'''i'' ‘inheritance’<br />''hlae'''bv'''a'' ‘bread.<span style="font-variant: small-caps>dat</span>’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| g | |||
|valign="top"| ɣ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-gy.png|25px|GY]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''gy''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, gð | |||
|valign="top"| ''ao'''gy'''ou'' ‘eye’<br />''ba'''gy'''ms'' ‘tree’<br />''i'''gy'''il'' ‘hedgehog’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
|valign="top"| f | |valign="top"| d | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ð | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-ð.png|20px|Ð]] | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| '''ð''' | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| '''''f''' | |align="left" valign="top"| dv, dy, δ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| ''ae'''ð'''ij'' ‘mother’<br />''dala'''ð'''a'' ‘down’<br />''þju'''ð'''ij'' ‘meaning’ | ||
|- | |align="left" valign="top"| Though '''ð''' is used here for transcription, a letter derived from the Gothic letter ''dags'' (but resembling '''ϫ''', the Coptic ''gangia'') was more often used. | ||
|valign="top"| | |- | ||
|valign="top"| | |valign="top"| - | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV- | |valign="top"| œː | ||
|valign="top"| ''' | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-eao.png|40px|EAO]] | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |valign="top"| '''eao''' | ||
|valign="top"| ''''' | |valign="top"| - | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoa, eō, eoo | |||
|valign="top"| '''''eao'''ðijs'' ‘desert’<br />''f'''eao'''djan'' ‘to feed’<br />''h'''eao'''hij'' ‘height’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''ao''' (Griutungi '''ǭ''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ē | |||
|valign="top"| eː~ei̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ei.png|18px|EI]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ei''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ē, ee, ej | |||
|valign="top"| ''m'''ei'''na'' ‘moon’<br />'''''ei'''maeti'' ‘ant’<br />''sw'''ei''''' ‘such, thus’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| œ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eo.png|25px|EO]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eo''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| oe, ø | |||
|valign="top"| ''w'''eo'''rkjan'' ‘to work’<br />'''''eo'''rkjus'' ‘jug’<br />''d'''eo'''htrjus'' ‘daughters’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''o''' (Griutungi '''o''', Gothic '''au'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| øː~øu̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eou.png|40px|EOU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eou''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| eoo, eō, ooe | |||
|valign="top"| ''afm'''eou'''ðij'' ‘disagreement’<br />''m'''eou'''gyjis'' ‘girls’<br />''d'''eou'''mjan'' ‘to judge’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''oo''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ō'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| y | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-eu.png|28px|EU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''eu''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, ue | |||
|valign="top"| ''f'''eu'''tlijns'' ‘fulfillment’<br />''s'''y'''ndij'' ‘health’<br />'''''y'''nkja'' ‘ounce’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''u'''. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|valign="top"| yː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-euv.png|42px|EUV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''euv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| yy, uue, euu, eeu | |||
|valign="top"| ''h'''euv'''hjan'' ‘to hoard’<br />''s'''euv'''tijs'' ‘gentle’<br />''l'''euv'''kjan'' ‘to latch’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| This was used for the umlauted form of '''uv''' (Griutungi and Gothic '''ū'''). | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| iu | |||
|valign="top"| ju | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ju.png|23px|JU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ju''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| iu, iv, jv | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ju'''p'' ‘up’<br />''kn'''ju''''' ‘knee’<br />''þ'''ju'''fs'' ‘thief’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ng | |||
|valign="top"| ŋɡ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ng.png|26px|NG]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ng''' | |||
|valign="top"| 53 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gg | |||
|valign="top"| ''si'''ng'''van'' ‘to sing’<br />''ga'''ng'''an'' ‘to go’<br />''wi'''ng'''z'' ‘wing’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| nk | |||
|valign="top"| ŋk | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nk.png|27px|NK]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''nk''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gk, gc | |||
|valign="top"| ''dri'''nk'''an'' ‘to drink’<br />''a'''nk'''e'' ‘lower leg’<br />''u'''nk'''is'' ‘to us’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| nkw | |||
|valign="top"| ŋkw | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-nqv.png|38px|NQV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''nqv''' | |||
|valign="top"| 56 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| gq, gqv, nq, nkv, ncu... | |||
|valign="top"| ''i'''nqv'''ar'' ‘your’<br />''hri'''nkv'''an'' ‘to gather’<br />''sa'''nkv'''us'' ‘sunset’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| Sometimes written with '''g''' instead of '''n''' in a reflection of the Gothic. | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ō | |||
|valign="top"| oː~ou̯ | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-ou.png|28px|OU]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''ou''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| oo, ō, o, ov | |||
|valign="top"| '''''ou'''s'' ‘river-mouth’<br />''s'''ou'''gila'' ‘sun’<br />''t'''ou''''' ‘to, toward’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |||
|- | |||
|valign="top"| ū | |||
|valign="top"| uː | |||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-uv.png|28px|UV]] | |||
|valign="top"| '''uv''' | |||
|valign="top"| - | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| ū, u, uu | |||
|valign="top"| '''''uv'''htvou'' ‘pre-dawn’<br />''þ'''uv'''sundi'' ‘thousand’<br />''h'''uv'''s'' ‘house’ | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| | |align="left" valign="top"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 2,160: | Line 2,245: | ||
|valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]] | |valign="top"| [[File:OV-y.png|13px|Y]] | ||
|valign="top"| '''y''' | |valign="top"| '''y''' | ||
|valign="top"| 400 | |||
|align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | |align="left" valign="top"| y, i, u, ui | ||
|valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’ | |valign="top"| ''s'''y'''nagovgei'' ‘synagogue’<br />''h'''y'''hsopus'' ‘hyssop’<br />''þ'''y'''mjam'' ‘incense’ | ||
|align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. | |align="left" valign="top"| It is likely that this was still a separate phoneme in Old Valthungian from the umlaut of '''u''', though some of the means of transcription overlapped a bit. This phoneme was used only in borrowings from the Greek, and after the Old Valthungian period, these two phonemes had completely merged.<br />Our intermediate transcription shows '''ÿ''' for the letter representing Gothic '''𐍅'''/'''w''' from Greek '''υ'''. The exact pronunciation is unknown, but it seems likely that it was differentiated from '''eu''' (the i-umlaut of /u/) in Old Valthungian. These two sounds had merged by the Middle Valthungian period. Numerically, it was equivalent to Gothic '''𐍅''' (400). | ||
|} | |} | ||