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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Old Valthungian
|name = Old Valthungian
|nativename = Valðungiskou Rasta
|nativename = Sou Vlaðungiskou Tungou
|pronunciation = /ˈwɑl.ðʊŋ.gɪs.koː  ˈrɑs.tɑ/
|pronunciation = /soʊ̯ ˈwlɑ.ðʊŋ.ɡɪ.skoʊ̯ tʊŋ.ɡoʊ̯/
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
|creator = [[User:Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
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|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[Griutungi]]
|fam4 = [[Griutungi]]
|script = [[Old_Valthungian#Orthography_of_Old_Valthungian|Old Valthungian Alphabet]]<br />[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|script = [[Old_Valthungian#Orthography_of_Old_Valthungian|Old Valthungian Alphabet]]<br />
[[w:Latin script|Latin script]] (transliteration)
|iso3 = qgt
|iso3 = qgt
|brcl = grey
|brcl = grey
}}
}}


[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly by changes to geminates and intervocalic consonants, as well as the introduction of Germanic ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around 950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>
[[Old Valthungian]] represents a period in the development of the [[Valthungian]] language  
lasting from around 800‒1200<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> marked mainly  
by changes to geminates and metathesis of liquids, as well as the introduction of Germanic  
ī/j-umlaut and some small but important changes to all of the vowels. Though this is a range  
which experienced many changes, the most representative example of “Old Valthungian” is the  
language as it is captured in a few surviving texts believed to date to around  
950‒975<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>.


==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian==
==Major Changes from Griutungi (and Earlier) to Old Valthungian==
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer to the legend here.]]''
''N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described  
features are limited to three characters. [[User:Bpnjohnson/Features_shorthand|Please refer  
to the legend here.]]''
 
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])===
===Variation and Expansion of East Germanic Glide Insertion (~400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span> ‒ [remains persistent])===
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic,  
Glide Insertion in East Germanic developed differently in Gothic and Griutungi. In Gothic,  
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front and back glide insertion (/j/ and /w/), is not optional, and applies to any consecutive  
front and back glide insertion (/j/ and /w/), is not optional, and applies to any consecutive  
vowels where one of the vowels is not <code>+low</code>, so both the infinitive and third
vowels where one of the vowels is not <code>+low</code>, so both the infinitive and third
person singular present indicative of ‘sew’ show glide insertion: ''sǣjan'', ''sǣjiþ''.
person singular present indicative of ‘sow’ show glide insertion: ''sǣjan'', ''sǣjiþ''.


This rule remains persistent in the grammar of Griutungi through Old, Middle, and even Modern  
This rule remains persistent in the grammar of Griutungi through Old, Middle, and even Modern  
Valthungian, though the environment of the rule changes slightly as the language changes.
Valthungian, though the environment of the rule may change slightly as the language changes.


{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
{| style="vertical-align: text-top; border-spacing: 0; padding: 0;"
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''“A glide ('''w''') is inserted between a non-low back vowel and a following vowel.”''
''“A glide ('''w''') is inserted between a non-low back vowel and a following vowel.”''


To describe it differently, a glide must be inserted between two consecutive vowels, the value of which (front or back) is determined by the value of the first vowel.
To describe it differently, a glide must be inserted between two consecutive (non-diphthong) vowels, the value of which (front or back) is determined by the value of the first vowel.


E.g.:
E.g.:
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!width="200"| &nbsp;
!width="200"| &nbsp;
|-
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sōwilō''''' <br />/soːwiloː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǭwilō''''' <br />/sɔːwiloː/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sauil''''' <br />/sɔː.il/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sauil''''' <br />/sɔː.il/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sōwila''''' <br />/soːwilɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sōwila''''' <br />/soːwilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sougyila''''' <br />/so(ː)u̯ɣilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saovgyila''''' <br />/sɔːu̯ɣilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sougila''''' <br />/sɔu̯ɡilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sougila''''' <br />/səu̯ɡilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sōgila''''' <br />/sau̯ɡilɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sōgila''''' <br />/sau̯ɡilɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘sun’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘sun’
|-
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǣ(j)aną → *sǣ(j)idi''''' <br />/sɛː(j)ɑnɑ̃ → sǣ(j)iði/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*sǣaną → *sǣidi''''' <br />/sɛːɑnɑ̃ → sǣiði/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: paleturquoise;"| '''''saian → saijiþ'''''<ref>The Gothic reflex of East Germanic Glide Insertion applies only when directly adjacent to a high ''front'' vowel; hence it applies to ''saijiþ'' (before /i/) but not ''saian'' (before /ɑ/).</ref> <br />/sɛːɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*sǣjan → *sǣjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːjɑn → sɛːjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saeʒjan → saeʒiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saejjan → saejjiþ''''' <br />/sɛːʝjɑn → sɛːʝjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžjen → sǣžjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjɛn → se̞ːʒjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''saezjen → saezjiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒjən → se̞ːʒjiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''sǣžin → sǣžiþ''''' <br />/se̞ːʒin → se̞ːʒiθ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”)
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to sow’ → ‘sows’ (“soweth”)
|-
|-
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rō(w)aną → *rō(w)idi''''' <br />/roː(w)ɑnɑ̃ → roː(w)iði/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rōaną → *rōidi''''' <br />/roːɑnɑ̃ → roːiði/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rauan → *rauiþ''''' <br />/rɔːɑn → rɔːiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rauan → *rauiþ''''' <br />/rɔːɑn → rɔːiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rōwan → *rōwiþ''''' <br />/roːwɑn → roːwiθ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rǭwan → *rǭwiþ''''' <br />/rɔːwɑn → rɔːwiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*rougyan → rougyiþ''''' <br />/rou̯ɣɑn → rou̯ɣiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''*raovgyan → raovgyiþ''''' <br />/rɔːu̯ɣɑn → rɔːu̯ɣiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rougan → rougiþ''''' <br />/rɔu̯ɡn̩ → rɔu̯ɡiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rougɴ → rougiþ''''' <br />/rəu̯ɡn̩ → rəu̯ɡiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rōgna → rōgiþ''''' <br />/rau̯ɡnɑ → rau̯ɡiθ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''rōgna → rōgiþ''''' <br />/rau̯ɡnɑ → rau̯ɡiθ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to row’ → ‘rows’ (“roweth”)
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to row’ → ‘rows’ (“roweth”)
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|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*giban → *gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*giban → *gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gibvan → gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''gibvan → gaf''''' <br />/ɡiβɑn → gɑɸ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givan → gavf''''' <br />/ɡivn̩ → ɡɑf/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givɴ → gavf''''' <br />/ɡivn̩ → ɡɑf/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givna → gaf''''' <br />/ɡivn̩ɑ → ɡɑf/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''givna → gaf''''' <br />/ɡivnɑ → ɡɑf/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to give’ → ‘gave’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to give’ → ‘gave’
|-
|-
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''rēdan → rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''rēdan → rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rēdan → *rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*rēdan → *rēþ''''' <br />/reːðɑn → reːθ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → *reiþ''''' <br />/rei̯ðɑn → rei̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → *reiþ''''' <br />/reɪ̯ðɑn → reɪ̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → reiþ''''' <br />/rɛi̯ðn̩ → rɛi̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''reiðan → reiðþ''''' <br />/rəi̯ðn̩ → rəi̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''rēðna → rēþ''''' <br />/rai̯ðnɑ → rai̯θ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''rēðna → rēþ''''' <br />/rai̯ðnɑ → rai̯θ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to speak’ → ‘speak!’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to speak’ → ‘speak!’
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan → ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːhtɑ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan → ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːhtɑ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan → *ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːxtɑ/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan → *ōhta''''' <br />/oːɣɑn → oːxtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*ougyan → *ouhta''''' <br />/ou̯ɣɑn → ou̯xtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''*ougyan → *ouhta''''' <br />/oʊ̯ɣɑn → oʊ̯xtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan → oufta''''' <br />/ɔu̯ɡn̩ → ɔu̯ɸtɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan → oufta''''' <br />/əu̯ɡn̩ → əu̯ftɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna → ōfta''''' <br />/au̯gnɑ → au̯ftɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna → ōfta''''' <br />/ɑu̯gnɑ → ɑu̯ftɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ → ‘I feared’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’ → ‘I feared’
|}
|}
 
===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)===
===Geminate Simplification I (< 400<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ad</span>)===


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|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*hlǣba''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*hlǣba''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hlaebva''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''hlaebva''''' <br />/xlɛːβɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlaeva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/
|style="text-align: center;"| '''''þlǣva''''' <br />/θle̞ːvɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘loaf.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">dat</span>’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘loaf.<span style="font-variant: small-caps">dat</span>’
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*mōdar''''' <br />/moːðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''mouðar''''' <br />/mou̯ðɑr/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''mouðar''''' <br />/moʊ̯ðɑr/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mouður''''' <br />/mɔu̯ðr̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mouðʀ''''' <br />/məu̯ðr̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mōðra''''' <br />/mau̯ðrɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''mōðra''''' <br />/mɑu̯ðrɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mother’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘mother’
|-
|-
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| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ōgan''''' <br />/oːɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/ou̯ɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center; background-color: palegreen;"| '''''*ougyan''''' <br />/oʊ̯ɣɑn/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougan''''' <br />/ɔu̯ɡn̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ougɴ''''' <br />/əu̯ɡn̩/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/
| style="text-align: center;"| '''''ōgna''''' <br />/au̯ɡnɑ/
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’
|style="text-align: left; vertical-align: text-top;"| ‘to fear’
Line 2,257: Line 2,267:


  ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn
  ahta unsar þuv in himinam vijhnae namou þijn
  qvimae þjuðinahsus þijns verðae vilja þijns  
  qvimae þivðinahsus þijns vreðae vlijja þijns  
  svei in himina jah an erðae hlaef unsaran
  svei in himina jah an reðae hlaef unsaran
  þan sintijnan gif uns hitma dagya jah afleit
  þan sintijnan gif uns hipma dagya jah afleit
  uns þetij skulans sijaem svasvei jah vijs
  uns þeatij skulans sijjaem svasvei jah vijs
  afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringae[s]
  afleitam þaem skulam unsaraem jah nij bringaes
  uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þatma
  uns in fraestubvnjae ak leaosij uns af þapma
  ubvilin  untei þijna ist þjuðangarði jah mahts
  ubvilin  untei þijna ist þivðangraði jah mahts
  jah vulðus in aejugins · ahmein
  jah vluðus in aejugins · ahmein
.
.
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