Ox-Yew: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search

Ox-Yew (view source)

Revision as of 12:24, 27 September 2019

11,044 bytes added ,  27 September 2019
no edit summary
No edit summary
(43 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''This is just a placeholder for putting together this grammar until I come up with a good name, so I can transfer it to an appropriately-named page. Anyone who suggests that I keep the name Nūlaŋguiʧ is not my friend; may they be bitten by moths, frowned at by kittens, and disapproved of by rabbits.'''
{{Infobox language
|name = Adzaac (Ox-Yew)
|nativename = Adzaac, Adɮāc
|pronunciation = /ɑdˈɮɑːtɬʼ/
|creator = [[User: Bpnjohnson|BenJamin P. Johnson]],<br />
<small>creator of:<br />
<ul>
<li>[[Adzaac]]</li>
<li>[[Brooding]]</li>
<li>[[Dlatci]]</li>
<li>[[Grayis]]</li>
<li>[[Maltcégj]]</li>
<li>[[Northeadish]]</li>
<li>[[Valthungian]]</li>
<ul>
<li>''[[Griutungi]]''</li>
<li>''[[Old Valthungian]]''</li>
<li>''[[Middle Valthungian]]''</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</small>
|created = 2019
|familycolor = language isolate
}}
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Artlangs]]
[[Category:A_priori]]


==Introduction==
Adzaac (or Adɮāc) is an a priori, possibly non-terrestrial language whose phonology, morphology, grammar, and really whose entire weltanschauung is inextricably tied to sets of three. Their number system is nonal (3×3); there are three vowels; there are three of each type of consonant; there are three noun classes (or “genders,” but that word really isn’t useful here); there are even three finite grammatical moods.


A new a priori, possibly non-terrestrial language I'm creating.
Since [ɑdˈɮɑːtɬʼ] doesn't really roll off the tongue of the average native speaker of most European languages, the alternative name “Ox-Yew” (or the Language of the Ox-Yew People) is derived from all of the Latin letters which the orthography of Adzaac explicitly does ''not'' use.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 18: Line 45:


Diphthongs are always falling, but if a non-long diphthong starting with /i/ or /u/ appears at the beginning of a word (i.e. with no onset), it is realized as a glide (/j/ or /w/, respectively).
Diphthongs are always falling, but if a non-long diphthong starting with /i/ or /u/ appears at the beginning of a word (i.e. with no onset), it is realized as a glide (/j/ or /w/, respectively).
Because of the limited range of vowels, a vowel chart is almost wasted for Adzaac, but here you go:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Frontish
! Middlin’
! Backish
|-
! High:
| ⟨i⟩ /i/<br />⟨ii⟩ /iː/
| &nbsp;
| ⟨u⟩ /u/<br />⟨uu⟩ /uː/
|-
! Mid:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;<br />&nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
! Low:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| ⟨a⟩ /ɑ/<br />⟨aa⟩ /ɑː/
|}
The diphthongs do not vary other than by length:<br />
[[File:Adzaac-diphthongs.png|frameless|Adzaac diphthongs]]


====Stress====
====Stress====


Stress is moraic. Stress falls on longest, left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants.
Stress is moraic. Stress falls on longest left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants. There are eight possible syllable weights:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|-
! &nbsp;  
!class=unsortable| &nbsp;  
! Morae  
! Morae  
! Examples
! Priority
!class=unsortable| Description
!class=unsortable| Examples
|-
|-
| V
|align="right"| V
|| 1
|align="center"| 1
|| bu, na, ki
|align="center"| 8
|| Short vowel, no coda.
|| ''bu'', ''na'', ''ki''
|-
|-
| VC
|align="right"| VC
|| 2
|align="center"| 2
|| uk, it, an
|align="center"| 7
|| Short vowel, monomoraic coda.
|| ''uk'', ''it'', ''an''
|-
|-
| VV
|align="right"| VV̯
|| 2
|align="center"| 2
|| hau, niu
|align="center"| 6
|| Diphthong, no coda.
|| ''hau'', ''niu'', ''mai''
|-
|-
| V̄
|align="right"| Vː
|| 2
|align="center"| 2
|| lī
|align="center"| 5
|| Long vowel, no coda.
|| ''lii'', ''kuu'', ''aa''
|-
|-
| VVC
|align="right"| VV̯C
|| 3
|align="center"| 3
|| kais
|align="center"| 4
|| Diphthong, monomoraic coda.
|| ''kais'', ''zaud'', ''bzuim''
|-
|-
| V̄C
|align="right"| VːC
|| 3
|align="center"| 3
|| āt
|align="center"| 3
|| Long vowel, monomoraic coda.
|| ''aat'', ''kiic'', ''dzuuq''
|-
|-
| V̄V
|align="right"| VːV̯
|| 3
|align="center"| 3
|| gīu
|align="center"| 2
|| Long diphthong, no coda.
|| ''giiu'', ''maai'', ''vuua''
|-
|-
| V̄VC
|align="right"| VːV̯C
|| 4
|align="center"| 4
|| xūap
|align="center"| 1
|| Long diphthong, monomoraic coda.
|| ''fuuav'', ''saaik'', ''viiut''
|}
|}


Non-stressed syllables are reduced. (See [[User:Bpnjohnson/Nūlaŋguiʧ#Phonotactics|Phonotactics]]).
Non-stressed syllables are reduced. (See [[Adzaac#Phonotactics|Phonotactics]]).


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Frontish
! Middlin’
! Backish
|-
! Unvoiced Stop:
| ⟨p⟩ /p/
| ⟨t⟩ /t/
| ⟨k⟩ /k/
|-
! Voiced Stop:
| ⟨b⟩ /b/
| ⟨d⟩ /d/
| ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/
|-
! Affricate:
| ⟨c⟩ /t͡ɬ/
| ⟨q⟩ /t͡ʃ/
| ⟨j⟩ /d͡ʒ/
|-
! Fricative:
| ⟨s⟩ /s/
| ⟨f⟩ /ʃ/
| ⟨h⟩ /x/
|-
! Nasal:
| ⟨m⟩ /m/
| ⟨n⟩ /n/
| ⟨v⟩ /ŋ/
|-
! Liquid:
| ⟨z⟩ /ɮ/
| ⟨r⟩ /r/
| ⟨l⟩ /l/
|}


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
====Syllable Structure====
CLVC
*All syllables must have a nucleus, but onsets and codas are not required. Syllables in the same word must have either a coda or an onset dividing them (i.e. two syllable nuclei must be separated by at least one consonant.)
*Word-initial onsets may consist of a single consonant, or a stop consonant followed by a liquid.
**p, t, k, b, d, g, q, j, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h
**pr, tr, kr, br, dr, gr, pl, tl, kl, bl, dl, gl, pz, tz, kz, bz, dz, gz
*Word-final codas may consist only of a single consonant; voiced stops, ‹j›, and ‹h› are not permitted as codas.
**p, t, k, q, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f
*Intersyllabic consonant clusters  may be:
**C (any single consonant)
***p, t, k, b, d, g, q, j, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h
**C[-cnt]C[+liq] (any stop + liquid)
***pr, pl, pz, tr, tl, tz, kr, kl, kz, br, bl, bz, dr, dl, dz, gr, gl, gz
**C[-cnt]ː (any geminate stop)
***pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg
**C[+nas]ː (any geminate nasal)
***mm, nn, vv
**C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox] (any nasal + unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation; also ⟨vg⟩)
***mp, nt, vk, vg
**C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox]C[+liq] (any nasal + voiced or unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation + liquid)
***mbr, mbl, ndr, ndl, vgr, vgl, vgz
**nC[+liq] (⟨n⟩ + any affricate)
***nq, nj, nc
**C[+obs+cnt]C[-cnt-vox] (any fricative + any unvoiced stop)
***sp, st, sk, fp, ft, fk, hp, ht, hk
====Liquid Harmony====
*''(Still working this out...)''
*'''Dissimilation'''
**When two identical liquids occur in the same or adjacent syllables, the right-most liquid changes: l → r → z → l, e.g.:
***bzaukzi → ''bzaukli''
***graar → ''graaz''
***brulaaul → ''brulaaur''
**In words where three liquids appear, all liquids are dissimilated even if a different liquid separates two of the same. This may cause chain shifting in compound words until the order described above can be observed, e.g.:
***bratluir → ''bratluiz''
***raagraz → raagzaz → ''raagzal''
***dravglal → ''dravglar'' (but regularization does not wrap, so here, two /r/s are acceptable.)
====Vowel Reduction in Syllables with Non-Primary Stress====
*Vowels with secondary stress are reduced by their right-most mora:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| ia<br />iu<br />ii
|| → i
| ai<br />au<br />aa
|| → a
| ui<br />ua<br />uu
|| → u
|-
| iia<br />iiu
|| → ii
| aai<br />aau
|| → aa
| uui<br />uua
|| → uu
|}
#*E.g. ááidlaacùùp → aaidlacuup
* Unstressed vowels are reduced to their left-most mora:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|align="right"|
ia<br />
iu<br />
ii<br />
iia<br />
iiu
|| → i
|align="right"|
ai<br />
au<br />
aa<br />
aai<br />
aau
|| → a
|align="right"|
ui<br />
ua<br />
uu<br />
uui<br />
uua
|| → u
|}
====Cluster Reduction between Syllables with Non-Primary Stress====
The number of  consonant clusters which can occur intervocalically between syllables with non-primary stress is dramatically reduced. Somehow. Probably. I think.
===Orthography===
Adzaac has three distinct orthographies. There is a native writing system (patent pending...); a “presentational” orthography, which uses some diacritics and some non-standard characters to present the language a little more compactly and with a few slightly more intuitive graphemes; and a “utility” orthography, which uses only 21 letters of the standard Latin alphabet. (The letters O, X, Y, E, and W are not used.)
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!width=75px| Function
!width=75px| Form
!width=75px| IPA
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨p⟩⟩
|align="center"| p
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨t⟩⟩
|align="center"| t
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨k⟩⟩
|align="center"| k
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨b⟩⟩
|align="center"| b
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨d⟩⟩
|align="center"| d
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨g⟩⟩
|align="center"| g
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨c⟩⟩
|align="center"| tɬ
|-
|align="center"| ⟨q⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨č⟩⟩
|align="center"| tʃ
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨j⟩⟩
|align="center"| dʒ
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨s⟩⟩
|align="center"| s
|-
|align="center"| ⟨f⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨š⟩⟩
|align="center"| ʃ
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨h⟩⟩
|align="center"| x
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨m⟩⟩
|align="center"| m
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨n⟩⟩
|align="center"| n
|-
|align="center"| ⟨v⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ŋ⟩⟩
|align="center"| ŋ
|-
|align="center"| ⟨z⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ɮ⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɮ
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨r⟩⟩
|align="center"| r
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨l⟩⟩
|align="center"| l
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨i⟩⟩
|align="center"| i
|-
|align="center"| ⟨ii⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ī⟩⟩
|align="center"| iː
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨ia⟩⟩
|align="center"| iɑ̯
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨iu⟩⟩
|align="center"| iu̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨iia⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨īa⟩⟩
|align="center"| iːɑ̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨iiu⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨īu⟩⟩
|align="center"| iːu̯
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨a⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɑ
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨ai⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɑi̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨aa⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ā⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɑː
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨au⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɑu̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨aai⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨āi⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɑːi̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨aau⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨āu⟩⟩
|align="center"| ɑːu̯
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨u⟩⟩
|align="center"| u
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨ui⟩⟩
|align="center"| ui̯
|-
|align="center" colspan=2| ⟨ua⟩⟩
|align="center"| uɑ̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨uu⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ū⟩⟩
|align="center"| uː
|-
|align="center"| ⟨uui⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ūi⟩⟩
|align="center"| uːi̯
|-
|align="center"| ⟨uua⟩
|align="center"| ⟨⟨ūa⟩⟩
|align="center"| uːɑ̯
|}


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 73: Line 402:


====Typology====
====Typology====
The typology of Nūlaŋguiʧ is predominantly SOV or verb-final. Marked order is OSV. A morphological particle is inserted between the subject and the direct object which is ostensibly a case suffix combined with a case prefix; a different particle is used in marked order.  
The typology of Adzaac is predominantly SOV or verb-final. Marked order is OSV. A morphological particle is inserted between the subject and the direct object which is ostensibly a case suffix combined with a case prefix; a different particle is used in marked order.


====Morphosyntactic Alignment====
====Morphosyntactic Alignment====
Nūlaŋguiʧ alignment is tripartite, so nouns and pronouns are differentiated for subject, object, and agentive roles by use of case affixes and/or particles.  
Adzaac alignment is tripartite, so nouns and pronouns are differentiated for subject, object, and agentive roles by use of case affixes and/or particles.  


====Headedness====
====Headedness====
Nūlaŋguiʧ is predominantly head-final, and this is reflected in many of its more granular alignments.
Adzaac is predominantly head-final, and this is reflected in many of its more granular alignments.


====Noun Phrases====
====Noun Phrases====
In noun phrases, nouns are always initial, followed by adpositions, demonstratives, numerals, adjectives or adjective phrases, genitive or genitive phrases, and relative clauses.
In noun phrases, nouns are always initial, followed (in order) by adpositions, demonstratives, numerals, adjectives or adjective phrases, genitive or genitive phrases, and finally relative clauses.


====Adjective Phrases====
====Adjective Phrases====
Line 88: Line 417:


====Verb Phrases====
====Verb Phrases====
As mentioned in Typology, Nūlaŋguiʧ is a verb-final language, and as such, adverbs always immediately precede the verb. In the case of negation, negatives come between the verb and other adverbs. TAM particles, if present, always directly precede the verb after negatives.
As mentioned in Typology, Adzaac is a verb-final language, and as such, adverbs always immediately precede the verb. Verbs inflect for person, number, polarity, voice, mood, tense, and aspect.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===


====Absolutive====
====Cases====
Adzaac has several cases which regulate the roles various words play in a sentence.
 
=====Absolutive=====
The absolutive case is used for the subjects of intransitive verbs.
 
=====Ergative=====
Ergative is used with the subjects of transitive verbs when there is a direct object present.
 
=====Accusative=====
Accusative indicates a direct object.
 
=====Dative=====
The use of the dative in Adzaac is slightly more restrictive than it may be in other languages. It specifically invokes the meaning of ‘to’ or ‘towards’.
 
=====Ablative=====
Many languages have an “ablative” case, though it rarely means the same thing from one language to another. In Adzaac, the ablative is the exact inverse of the dative, invoking the meaning of ‘out of’ or ‘from’.


====Ergative====
=====Genitive=====
The genitive deals with possession and relation. There is a bit of overlap with the ablative.


====Accusative====
=====Oblique=====
The oblique isn't so much a case as an anti-case: This is the “Dictionary Form” of Adzaac nouns, and is not inflected at all. It is mainly used with adpositions, or for mentioning things in a list.


====Ablative====
====Classes====
There are only three noun classes in Adzaac, so one might be tempted to call them “genders,” but that term really doesn't work well here, considering that all of the human genders which usually serve as examples of the various grammatical genders all fall into a single noun class. Adzaac nouns are divided into Animate, Inanimate, and Abstract classes.


====Dative====
=====Animate=====
Animate nouns are quite literally comprised of things which are alive. This includes, but is not limited to men, women, children, dogs, cows, grass, trees, moss, cauliflower, and caterpillars. Some dynamic nouns may be considered animate even if they are not alive in the traditional sense, such as fire, running water, wind, or weather.


====Genitive====
=====Inanimate=====
Inanimate nouns are things which are not alive. They may be things which are no longer alive (such as wood or leather) or things which do not presently show signs of life, but which may become alive in the future (like seeds or eggs). Some inanimate nouns include wood, stone, metal, houses, rice, books, salt, and soil.


====Oblique====
''*Note to self: What about body parts and plant parts, like heart, arm, brain, trunk, and leaf?''


====Reflexes of Pronouns====
=====Abstract=====
Abstract nouns are concepts, ideas, or non-substantives, like feelings, concepts, and symbolic thought. These include compassion, love, anger, war, kerfuffle, hope, tarnation, thought, and stubbornness.


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/142194...167721"

Navigation menu