Páuluòbeng

Baoluoveng (yi vBáuluòveng) is a minority language closely related to Qenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin, Ufirlandisg, and Yorkshire English.

respell to make it look less mandarin

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > jh ch sh; jhil, jhim, jhin, jhing > jhul, jhum, jhun, jhung

gr̀ /bɛː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup

ehgung, yi h-ehgung; pl. ehgungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain

dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley

yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree

jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'

neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

Mandarin/Ufirlandisg/Allemanisch consonants; Yorkshire vowels

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

• ā or a: mid level, relaxed
• á: rising
• à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

• /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
• Historical initial /f/ retained
• Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
• h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Short vowels:

• a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/

Diphthongs:

• ai ei uai ui ie üe /aɪ~ɑː eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
• ao iao ou iu /aʊ jaʊ oː joː/
• ì ù ǜ /(j)iː~(j)ɪj uː~ʊw (ɥ)yː~(ɥ)ʏɥ/

Long monophthongs (linking R /ɹ/ is used when a vowel follows):

• uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
• (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)æː(ɹ)/
• r, eir /ɛː(ɹ)/
• ir, ìr, ier, ièr /jɛː(ɹ)/
• ür, ǜr /ɥœː(ɹ)/
• uir /wɛː(ɹ)/
• air aor our /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
• angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
  • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

• final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
• final -i = /ɪ/
• final -ou = /o/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

• Example of linking R: yi kaθr àrd [jɪ ˈkʰaħə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Qenian: ye kaħerr àrd [jə ˈkʰahər ʔɔɯt])
• No linking R: yi búd àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːʔ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Qenian: ye bùta àrd [jə ˈpuːtʰə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Qenian. Lenition is similar to Qenian, except t lenites to θ /ħ/.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Qenian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

Definite article

singular		plural		collective
common	neuter	common	neuter	common	neuter
yiL	yi	na	naN	baL	ba

Verbs

Verbs, on the other hand, are more conservative than in Qenian and are more similar to Anvirese: conjugated verb forms are still used, and the -ìn preterite, derived from the Tigol -ín participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.