Páuluòbeng

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Baoluoveng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Ciètian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin, Ufirlandisg, and Yorkshire English.

respell to make it look less mandarin

Figure out how to assign tones

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > jh ch sh; jhil, jhim, jhin, jhing > jhul, jhum, jhun, jhung

lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup

ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain

dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley

yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree

jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'

neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

Mandarin/Ufirlandisg/Allemanisch consonants; Yorkshire vowels

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

  • ā or a: mid level, relaxed
  • á: rising
  • à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

  • /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/
  • h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Cièdian.

Short vowels:

  • a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/

Long vowels:

  • ai ei uai ui ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
    • [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
  • ao iao ou iu /aʊ~əʊ jaʊ~əʊ oː joː/
    • [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /aʊ/
  • ì ù ǜ /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/

R-linking vowels:

  • uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
  • (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)æː(ɹ)/
  • r, eir /ɛː(ɹ)/
  • ir, ìr /jɛː(ɹ)/
  • ür, ǜr /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
  • uir /wɛː(ɹ)/
  • air aor our /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
  • angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
    • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

  • final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
  • final -i = /ɪ/
  • final -ou = /o/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R
  • Example of linking R: yi χazr àrd [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Cièdian: ye χazerr àrd [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt])
  • No linking R: yi búθ àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Cièdian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ye and yeN changes to yen (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. For example:

  • *yiL ùr > yin ùr /jɪn ˈwɤː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)';
  • *yi àvr > yin àvr /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'.
Definite article
singular plural
common neuter common neuter
yiL, yin
yi bpràn /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner'
yi, yin
yi hǎr /jɪ xæ̌:(ɹ)/ 'the flower'
na
na bprànr /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners'
naL
na γǎr /nə ɣæ̌:(ɹ)/ 'the flowers'

Nouns are usually pluralized with -r. If the singular already ends in -r, the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change.

Verbs

The -ìn preterite, derived from the Tigol -ín participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.