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Proto-Almaic (view source)

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox proto-language
|name         = Proto-Almean
| name       = Proto-Almaic
|altname      =  
| creator    = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|nativename    = Rapa'i
| altname    = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
| target      = Almaic
|region       = Almean plains; Hassjic mountains.
| region     = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains
|extinct      = ca. 3500 a.E.
| era        = 5000–3500 a.E. (Lithic)
|era          = Lithic period
| familycolor =  
|familycolor   =  
| child1      = [[Angaran]]
|fam1          = Almeic
| child2     = [[Yohari]]
|family        = Proto-Almean
|creator      = Miguel Bartelsman
|created      = 2020
|setting      = Conworld Angara
|script        = Latin
|iso3          = none
|image        =
|imagesize    =
|imagealt     =  
|imagecaption  =
|imageheader  =
|map          =
|mapsize      =
|mapalt        =
|mapcaption    =
|map2          =
|mapalt2      =
|mapcaption2  =
|boxsize      =
|notice        = IPA
}}
}}


'''Proto-Almean''' is the common ancestor of all the Almean languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.
'''Proto-Almaic''' is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.


Proto-Almean is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].
Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include [[Angaran]] and [[Yohari]].


== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
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| /l/
| /l/
| /m/
| /m/
| /n/ /◌̃/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ {{ref|N|5}}
| /ɲ/
| /ɲ/
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
| /o/, /õ/ {{ref|NV|1}}
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! style="width: 100px;" | V v
! style="width: 100px;" | V v
! style="width: 100px;" | Z z
! style="width: 100px;" | Z z
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|5}}
! style="width: 100px;" | ' {{ref|Glot|6}}
|-
|-
! Pronunciation
! Pronunciation
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{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.
{{ref/note|EjM|4}} ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.


{{ref/note|Glot|5}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.
{{ref/note|N|5}} ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.
 
{{ref/note|Glot|6}} ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.
 
Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.


== Phonetics ==
== Phonetics ==
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|- style="font-size: 120%;"
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Close
| style="border-right: none;" | i
| style="border-right: none;" | i ĩ
| style="border-right: none;" |  
| style="border-right: none;" |  
| style="border-right: none;" | u
| style="border-right: none;" | u ũ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Mid
| style="border-right: none;" | e
| style="border-right: none;" | e ẽ
| style="border-right: none;" |  
| style="border-right: none;" |  
| style="border-right: none;" | o
| style="border-right: none;" | o õ
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 83.3%;" | Open
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" | a
| style="border-right: none;" | a ã
| style="border-right: none;" |
| style="border-right: none;" |
|}
|}
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== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==


{| {{Table/bluetable}}
{{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}}
! style="min-width: 100px;" | WALS Ch.
 
! style="min-width: 200px;" | Structure
Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language.
! style="min-width: 400px;" | Examples
 
|-
XP → (YP) X'
| WALS 81 - 84
 
| SOVX, SXOV
X' → (ZP) X' ''or'' X' (ZP)
| — [S: the dog] [O: the cat] [V: chases] [X: to the tree] <br>— [S: the dog] [X: to the tree] [O: the cat] [V: chases]
 
|-
X' → (WP) X
| WALS 85
 
| Prepositions
=== Structure rules ===
| — [PP: to] [N: the tree]
 
|-
Phrase heads are in '''bold''', adjuncts are in {{color|gray|gray}}, optional elements are surrounded by (parentheses) or, if they can be repeated, by {curly braces}
| WALS 86
 
| Genitive Noun
==== Sentence ====
| — [G: the cat's] [N: toy]
* CP
|-
 
| WALS 87
==== Complement Phrase (CP) ====
| Noun Adjective
* (NP) VP ('''C''')
| — [N: dog] [Adj: big]
* VP '''NP''' &mdash; Subject backing
|-
 
| WALS 88
==== Verb Phrase (VP) ====
| Noun Demonstrative
* (NP/DP/CP) (NP/DP/CP) '''V''' {{color|gray|{PP/AdvP} }} (Aux)
| — [N: dog] [Dem: that]
 
|-
==== Noun Phrase (NP) ====
| WALS 89
* {{color|gray|{PP} }} (PP/AdjP) '''N''' {{color|gray|{Adj} }}
| Numeral Noun
 
| — [Num: three] [N: balls]
==== Determiner phrase (DP) ====
|-
* (NP) '''D'''
| WALS 90
* (NP)<sub>{{glossabb|s|Subject, possessor, specifier}}</sub> (NP)<sub>{{glossabb|o|Object, possessee, complement}}</sub> '''D''' &mdash; Possessive construction
| Relative Noun, Correlative?
 
| — [ [N:house] [V:had] [Rel:who] ] [N: woman]
==== Postposition Phrase (PP) ====
|-
* (NP/DP/CP) '''PP'''
| WALS 94
 
| Internal subordinator word
==== Adverb Phrase (AdvP) ====
| — [S: the dog] [Adv: if] [V: sees]
* (AdvP) '''AdvP'''
|-
 
| WALS 100
==== Adjective Phrase (AdjP) ====
| Active alignment
* (AdvP/PP) '''AdjP'''
| — [Act: the dog] [Pas: the cat] [V: chases] <br>— [Act: the dog] [V: walks] <br>— [Pas: the cat] [V: falls]
 
|}
==== Conjunction Phrase (ConjP) ====
* XP/ConjP XP '''Conj'''


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
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=== Schleicher's fable  ===
=== Schleicher's fable  ===


'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hilati ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”'''''<br>
'''''“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”'''''<br>
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈlati o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila=ti || oh=agahi || to ||  oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
| ti || oh=rante, || kginja || 'e || ka || hila || oh=agahi || to ||  oh=emon || 'e || sin || mo
|-  
|-  
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have={{glossabb|rel}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},  
| On || {{glossabb|indf}}=hill, || wool || {{glossabb|pat}} || {{glossabb|neg}} || have || {{glossabb|indf}}=sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || {{glossabb|indf}}=horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || see || {{glossabb|pst}},  
|}
|}
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''
''“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”''




'''''“…ahdo mi zaku ohppami godo lanjicipu, …”'''''<br>
'''''“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”'''''<br>
/ˈah.do mi ˈza.ku ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| ahdo || mi || zaku || oh=pbami || godo || lanji=cipu
| ahdo=mi || za || oh=pbami || godo || 'e  || lanji=cipu
|-  
|-  
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}} || {{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
| {{glossabb|3p|Third person plural}}={{glossabb|gen}} || one || {{glossabb|indf}}=wagon || heavy || {{glossabb|pat}} || pull={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
|}
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''
''“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”''




'''''“…???, …”'''''<br>
'''''“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”'''''<br>
/???/
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|  
| zakuna || oh=dakken-vita || onjo || 'e || dakken=cipu
|-
| one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=carry-{{glossabb|nz}} || big || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}}
|}
''“…another carrying a big load, …”''
 
 
'''''“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”'''''<br>
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| o || zakuna || oh=nagoh || 'e  || dakken=cipu || qasi
|-
| and || one:else || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || carry={{glossabb|ipfv}} || fast
|}
''“…and another carrying a man fast. …”''
 
 
'''''“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”'''''<br>
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| agahi || to || emon || 'e || vanza || mo
|-
| sheep || {{glossabb|pl}} || horses || {{glossabb|pat}} || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
''“…The sheep said to the horses: …”''
 
 
'''''“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”'''''<br>
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| sa=mi || anke || ikado || 'e || atuza || oh=nagoh || 'e || sin-sa || to || emon || 'e || mantta-sa
|-
| {{glossabb|1s|First person singular}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || {{glossabb|2p|Second person plural}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || hurt || {{glossabb|indf}}=man || {{glossabb|pat}} || see-{{glossabb|ger}} || {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || {{glossabb|pat}} || drive={{glossabb|ger}}
|}
''“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”''
 
 
'''''“…To emon vanza mo:…”'''''<br>
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
| to || emon || vanza || mo
|-  
|-  
|  
| {{glossabb|pl}} || horse || say || {{glossabb|pst}}
|}
|}
''“…one carrying a big load, …”''
''“…The horses said: …”''




'''''“…???. …”'''''<br>
'''''“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”'''''<br>
/???/
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
{| style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0; border-left: 5px solid #00000022; padding-left: 0.5em;"  
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|- style="font-weight: bold;"
|  
| agahi || 'e || mihe || sado=mi || anke || atuza || la || 'e || mahulo || sin
|-  
|-  
|  
| sheep || {{glossabb|pat}} || listen || {{glossabb|1px|First person plural exclusive}}={{glossabb|gen}} || heart || hurt || {{glossabb|det}} || {{glossabb|pat}} || when || see
|}
|}
''“…and one carrying a man quickly. …”''
''“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”''


On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.
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