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Proto-Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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====Nasal Vowels==== | ====Nasal Vowels==== | ||
All monophthongs and diphthongs in Proto-Antarctican had an phonemic contrast between oral vowels and nasal vowels. | All monophthongs and diphthongs in Proto-Antarctican had an phonemic contrast between oral vowels and nasal vowels. These are marked with a tilde e.g. /tẽc/ - weather. | ||
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At this point, the language now used prepositions more than postpositions, which triggered a massive change in the syntax to become head-initial. | At this point, the language now used prepositions more than postpositions, which triggered a massive change in the syntax to become head-initial. | ||
Eventually, the prepositions fused to the noun as prefixes. The ergative postposition /ga/ fused to the noun as a suffix. If the noun ended in a vowel, an epenthetic /u/ was inserted e.g. /bukː/ - book, absolutive -> /bukkuga/ - book, ergative. If the noun ended in a palatalised consonant, an epenthetic /i/ was inserted instead e.g. / | Eventually, the prepositions fused to the noun as prefixes. The ergative postposition /ga/ fused to the noun as a suffix. If the noun ended in a vowel, an epenthetic /u/ was inserted e.g. /bukː/ - book, absolutive -> /bukkuga/ - book, ergative. If the noun ended in a palatalised consonant, an epenthetic /i/ was inserted instead e.g. /tẽc/ - weather, absolutive -> /tẽciga/. And if the noun ended in /t/ or /d/, /o/ was inserted instead e.g. /ʔoiʎãd/ - island, absolutive -> /ʔoiʎãdoga/ - island, ergative. | ||
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| 1PS Inclusive || ci || we || wu | | 1PS Inclusive || ci || we || wu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 2PS || nʲ | | 2PS || nʲĩ || jo || ju | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 3PS || zai || ze || zau | | 3PS || zai || ze || zau | ||
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Apart from this, tense and aspect were not marked on Proto-Antarctican verbs. | Apart from this, tense and aspect were not marked on Proto-Antarctican verbs. | ||
==== | ====Verbalisation==== | ||
/ | To change a noun into a verb, the typical suffix was /z/ e.g. | ||
/&# | /sʲəː/ - show | ||
/&# | /sʲəːz/ - to perform | ||
/ | If the verb root already ended in a consonant, one of two things happened: | ||
*If the consonant was a non-geminated voiced obstruent, the suffix was changed to /zu/ e.g. /doʎaːg/ - something being dragged -> /doʎaːgzu/ - to drag | |||
*Otherwise, the suffix was changed to /iz/ after a palatalised consonant, and /uz/ otherwise e.g. /damas/ - a scam -> /damasuz/ - to scam or /sakːʲ/ - past event -> /sakːʲiz/ - to have already occurred some time ago. | |||
Any noun could be verbalised to a verb meaning "to be ..." or "to become ..." by simply applying either this transformation e.g. | |||
/zuɥa/ - boat | |||
/ | /zuɥaz/ - to be a boat | ||
====Adverbs==== | |||
Nouns could also be changed into adverbs. This was originally done by suffixing them with /i/. However this underwent metathesis with the final vowel, and ended up as simple palatalisation of the final consonant if it was non-palatalised, and as an infix /iʔ/ if the last consonant of the word was already palatalised e.g. | |||
/jĩtoɫəː/ - introduction | |||
/jĩtoʎəː/ - as an introduction | |||
/ | /ʔumupo/ - seat | ||
/ | /ʔumupʲo/ - sitting down (used as an adverb) | ||
/ | /sʲəː/ - show | ||
/sʲiʔəː/ - showing off (used as an adverb) | |||
==Adaptations of Words from Present-Day Languages== | ==Adaptations of Words from Present-Day Languages== | ||
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*Spanish ñ became /nʲ/ e.g. Spanish mañana - morning -> P.A. /manʲana/. | *Spanish ñ became /nʲ/ e.g. Spanish mañana - morning -> P.A. /manʲana/. | ||
*Obstruents immediately after a stressed vowel were geminated where possible e.g. Spanish cabeza - head -> P.A. /kabesːa/. | *Obstruents immediately after a stressed vowel were geminated where possible e.g. Spanish cabeza - head -> P.A. /kabesːa/. | ||
*If Spanish r is not before a vowel, it is deleted with lengthening of the preceding vowel e.g. Spanish pensar - to think -> P.A. / | *If Spanish r is not before a vowel, it is deleted with lengthening of the preceding vowel e.g. Spanish pensar - to think -> P.A. /pẽsaː/ - to be lost in deep thought. | ||
*If Spanish r is word initial, or doubled, then it changed to /z/ e.g. Spanish tierra - land -> P.A. /teza/ - landscape. | *If Spanish r is word initial, or doubled, then it changed to /z/ e.g. Spanish tierra - land -> P.A. /teza/ - landscape. | ||
*Otherwise, Spanish r merged into l. | *Otherwise, Spanish r merged into l. | ||
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*Burmese /ɔ/ centralised to schwa e.g. Burmese thittaw: - forest -> P.A. /sʲitːəːz/. | *Burmese /ɔ/ centralised to schwa e.g. Burmese thittaw: - forest -> P.A. /sʲitːəːz/. | ||
*If a Burmese minor syllable both begins with an obstruent and is followed by an obstruent, the vowel in the minor syllable is deleted (as long as it would not violate Proto-Antarctican phonotactics), causing a consonant cluster e.g. Burmese thei na pati. - general -> P.A. /seinaptʲiːt/ | *If a Burmese minor syllable both begins with an obstruent and is followed by an obstruent, the vowel in the minor syllable is deleted (as long as it would not violate Proto-Antarctican phonotactics), causing a consonant cluster e.g. Burmese thei na pati. - general -> P.A. /seinaptʲiːt/ | ||
*Burmese initial aspirated consonants become clusters of consonant + /x/ if non-palatalised e.g. Burmese hpoun - dust -> P.A. /pxoː | *Burmese initial aspirated consonants become clusters of consonant + /x/ if non-palatalised e.g. Burmese hpoun - dust -> P.A. /pxoːũ/, Burmese hsabin - hair (of the human head) -> P.A. /sxabʲĩ/. If they are palatalised, they become clusters with /ç/ instead e.g. Burmese hpyaun - straight -> P.A. /pʲçãːu/, Burmese yanhpyit - to fight -> P.A. /jãpʲçitː/ - battle. | ||
*Burmese /l/ becomes /ɫ/, unless before /i/ or /j/, when it becomes /ʎ/. | *Burmese /l/ becomes /ɫ/, unless before /i/ or /j/, when it becomes /ʎ/. | ||
*The alveo-palatal series of consonants become palatal e.g. Burmese yaukkya - man -> P.A. /jaucaː/ (remember Proto-Antarctican does not like geminated consonants after diphthongs). | *The alveo-palatal series of consonants become palatal e.g. Burmese yaukkya - man -> P.A. /jaucaː/ (remember Proto-Antarctican does not like geminated consonants after diphthongs). | ||
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===Taiwanese=== | ===Taiwanese=== | ||
More of the refugees who came to Antarctica were from Taiwan rather than the mainland. Therefore, Taiwanese has influenced Proto-Antarctican far more than Mandarin. Aspirated consonants generally behaved like those from Burmese. Syllable final stops were pronounced voiced in words with tone 4, and voiceless in words with tone 8. Vowels in words with tones 1, 2, 5 and 6 were pronounced long, otherwise they were short. Taiwanese unaspirated /t/ and voiced /d/ became /ts/ and /z/ before /u/. | |||
==Evolution into Antarctican== | ==Evolution into Antarctican== | ||
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*Similarly, the glottal stop put tense voice on the vowel and raised the pitch e.g. /webːoʔ/ (the final /s/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) - eggs -> /webːóʔ/. | *Similarly, the glottal stop put tense voice on the vowel and raised the pitch e.g. /webːoʔ/ (the final /s/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) - eggs -> /webːóʔ/. | ||
*In some cases, this tense voice spread through consonants and affect multiple vowels. Consonants that permitted this spreading were voiced sonorants and voiceless stops (other than the glottal stop) e.g. /ʔameɫaiʔ/ - hunt (the final /k/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) -> /ʔáméɫáiʔ/. | *In some cases, this tense voice spread through consonants and affect multiple vowels. Consonants that permitted this spreading were voiced sonorants and voiceless stops (other than the glottal stop) e.g. /ʔameɫaiʔ/ - hunt (the final /k/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) -> /ʔáméɫáiʔ/. | ||
*If the tense voice would "spread" through an initial consonant, then that word acquired floating phonation e.g. / | *If the tense voice would "spread" through an initial consonant, then that word acquired floating phonation e.g. /tẽʔ/ - weather (the final /c/ had debuccalised to a glottal stop) -> /'té~ʔ/. | ||
*Word initial clusters beginning with glottal stops also created floating phonation e.g. /'ʔcidáʔ/ - drawers (from /çcidasʲ/). | *Word initial clusters beginning with glottal stops also created floating phonation e.g. /'ʔcidáʔ/ - drawers (from /çcidasʲ/). | ||
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The velarised alveolar lateral /ɫ/ lost its laterality and became uvular /ʁ/. The palatal lateral /ʎ/ became alveolar /l/ (which still has /ʎ/ as an allophone before high vowels). | The velarised alveolar lateral /ɫ/ lost its laterality and became uvular /ʁ/. The palatal lateral /ʎ/ became alveolar /l/ (which still has /ʎ/ as an allophone before high vowels). | ||
Antarctican also acquired lateral obstruents /tɬ/, /dɮ/, /ɬ/ from the palatalised alveolar consonants /tʲ/, /dʲ/ and /sʲ/ respectively. This was via an intermediate sound change to /t&# | Antarctican also acquired lateral obstruents /tɬ/, /dɮ/, /ɬ/ from the palatalised alveolar consonants /tʲ/, /dʲ/ and /sʲ/ respectively. This was via an intermediate sound change to clusters of /tʎ/, /dʎ/ and /ʎ/ The voiced palatalised fricative /zʲ/ was lost, merging into /dʲ/, which then became /dʎ/ and finally /dɮ/. | ||
====Loss of Voicing Contrasts==== | ====Loss of Voicing Contrasts==== | ||
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| Japanese || zubon || pants || zbõ || ʱboɴ || pants | | Japanese || zubon || pants || zbõ || ʱboɴ || pants | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Japanese || sakki || some time ago || | | Japanese || sakki || some time ago || sacː || saˤ || some time ago | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Japanese || mazu || firstly || maz || ʱmɜʱ || firstly | | Japanese || mazu || firstly || maz || ʱmɜʱ || firstly | ||
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| Spanish || mañana || morning || manʲana || maɲana || morning | | Spanish || mañana || morning || manʲana || maɲana || morning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || cabeza || head || kabesːa || kapɛsa || head | | Spanish || cabeza || head || kabesːa || kapɛˤsa || head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || pensar || to think || | | Spanish || pensar || to think || pẽsaː || pɘɴsaː || lost in deep thought | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || tierra || land || teza || teza || landscape | | Spanish || tierra || land || teza || teza || landscape | ||
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| Spanish || lima || Lima (in Peru) || ʎima || lima || Lima (in Peru) | | Spanish || lima || Lima (in Peru) || ʎima || lima || Lima (in Peru) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || palo || stick || paɫo || paʁ | | Spanish || palo || stick || paɫo || paʁu || stick | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || derecha || right (as in not left) || deɫetːʲa || tɛˤʁɛˤtɬe || right (as in not left) | | Spanish || derecha || right (as in not left) || deɫetːʲa || tɛˤʁɛˤtɬe || right (as in not left) | ||
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| Burmese || tei na pati. || general || seinaptʲiːt || sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || general | | Burmese || tei na pati. || general || seinaptʲiːt || sɛiˤnaˤtʼɬɘiˤ || general | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Burmese || hpoun || dust || pxoː | | Burmese || hpoun || dust || pxoːũ || pɛχoːuɴ || dust | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| Burmese || hsabin || hair (on the head) || sxabʲ | || Burmese || hsabin || hair (on the head) || sxabʲĩ || saxabʲiɴ || hair (on the head) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Burmese || hypaun || straight || pʲçãːu || pʲɘçaːuɴ || straight | | Burmese || hypaun || straight || pʲçãːu || pʲɘçaːuɴ || straight | ||
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|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Proto-languages|A]][[Category:Antarctican]] | ||