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Proto-Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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Apart from this, tense and aspect were not marked on Proto-Antarctican verbs. | Apart from this, tense and aspect were not marked on Proto-Antarctican verbs. | ||
==== | ====Verbalisation==== | ||
/ | To change a noun into a verb, the typical suffix was /z/ e.g. | ||
/&# | /sʲəː/ - show | ||
/&# | /sʲəːz/ - to perform | ||
/ | If the verb root already ended in a consonant, one of two things happened: | ||
*If the consonant was a non-geminated voiced obstruent, the suffix was changed to /zu/ e.g. /doʎaːg/ - something being dragged -> /doʎaːgzu/ - to drag | |||
*Otherwise, the suffix was changed to /iz/ after a palatalised consonant, and /uz/ otherwise e.g. /damas/ - a scam -> /damasuz/ - to scam or /sakːʲ/ - past event -> /sakːʲiz/ - to have already occurred some time ago. | |||
Any noun could be verbalised to a verb meaning "to be ..." or "to become ..." by simply applying either this transformation e.g. | |||
/zuɥa/ - boat | |||
/ | /zuɥaz/ - to be a boat | ||
====Adverbs==== | |||
Nouns could also be changed into adverbs. This was originally done by suffixing them with /i/. However this underwent metathesis with the final vowel, and ended up as simple palatalisation of the final consonant if it was non-palatalised, and as an infix /iʔ/ if the last consonant of the word was already palatalised e.g. | |||
/jĩtoɫəː/ - introduction | |||
/jĩtoʎəː/ - as an introduction | |||
/ | /ʔumupo/ - seat | ||
/ | /ʔumupʲo/ - sitting down (used as an adverb) | ||
/ | /sʲəː/ - show | ||
/sʲiʔəː/ - showing off (used as an adverb) | |||
==Adaptations of Words from Present-Day Languages== | ==Adaptations of Words from Present-Day Languages== | ||
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===Taiwanese=== | ===Taiwanese=== | ||
More of the refugees who came to Antarctica were from Taiwan rather than the mainland. Therefore, Taiwanese has influenced Proto-Antarctican far more than Mandarin. Aspirated consonants generally behaved like those from Burmese. Syllable final stops were pronounced voiced in words with tone 4, and voiceless in words with tone 8. Vowels in words with tones 1, 2, 5 and 6 were pronounced long, otherwise they were short. Taiwanese unaspirated /t/ and voiced /d/ became /ts/ and /z/ before /u/. | |||
==Evolution into Antarctican== | ==Evolution into Antarctican== | ||
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The velarised alveolar lateral /ɫ/ lost its laterality and became uvular /ʁ/. The palatal lateral /ʎ/ became alveolar /l/ (which still has /ʎ/ as an allophone before high vowels). | The velarised alveolar lateral /ɫ/ lost its laterality and became uvular /ʁ/. The palatal lateral /ʎ/ became alveolar /l/ (which still has /ʎ/ as an allophone before high vowels). | ||
Antarctican also acquired lateral obstruents /tɬ/, /dɮ/, /ɬ/ from the palatalised alveolar consonants /tʲ/, /dʲ/ and /sʲ/ respectively. This was via an intermediate sound change to /t&# | Antarctican also acquired lateral obstruents /tɬ/, /dɮ/, /ɬ/ from the palatalised alveolar consonants /tʲ/, /dʲ/ and /sʲ/ respectively. This was via an intermediate sound change to clusters of /tʎ/, /dʎ/ and /ʎ/ The voiced palatalised fricative /zʲ/ was lost, merging into /dʲ/, which then became /dʎ/ and finally /dɮ/. | ||
====Loss of Voicing Contrasts==== | ====Loss of Voicing Contrasts==== | ||
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| Spanish || mañana || morning || manʲana || maɲana || morning | | Spanish || mañana || morning || manʲana || maɲana || morning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || cabeza || head || kabesːa || kapɛsa || head | | Spanish || cabeza || head || kabesːa || kapɛˤsa || head | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || pensar || to think || pẽsaː || pɘɴsaː || lost in deep thought | | Spanish || pensar || to think || pẽsaː || pɘɴsaː || lost in deep thought | ||
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| Spanish || lima || Lima (in Peru) || ʎima || lima || Lima (in Peru) | | Spanish || lima || Lima (in Peru) || ʎima || lima || Lima (in Peru) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || palo || stick || paɫo || paʁ | | Spanish || palo || stick || paɫo || paʁu || stick | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Spanish || derecha || right (as in not left) || deɫetːʲa || tɛˤʁɛˤtɬe || right (as in not left) | | Spanish || derecha || right (as in not left) || deɫetːʲa || tɛˤʁɛˤtɬe || right (as in not left) | ||
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[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Proto-languages|A]][[Category:Antarctican]] | ||