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Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions
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{{construction}} | {{construction}} | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox proto-language | ||
| name = | | name = Proto-Dynic | ||
| creator = [[User:Gaffney.flancer|Gaffney McCoy Flancer]] | |||
|creator = Gaffney McCoy Flancer | | target = Dynic | ||
| | | era = | ||
| | | region = Veyn | ||
| | | familycolor = dynic | ||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
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! rowspan="2" | Palatal | ! rowspan="2" | Palatal | ||
! colspan="2" | Velar | ! colspan="2" | Velar | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> plain <small> | ! <small> plain <small> | ||
| Line 37: | Line 35: | ||
| *ŋ | | *ŋ | ||
| *ŋʷ | | *ŋʷ | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="2" | Stop | ! rowspan="2" | Stop | ||
| Line 46: | Line 43: | ||
| *k | | *k | ||
| *kʷ | | *kʷ | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| *b | | *b | ||
| *d | | *d | ||
| | | | ||
| *g | | *g | ||
| *gʷ | | *gʷ | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | Fricative | ! colspan="2" | Fricative | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! colspan="2" | Liquid | ! colspan="2" | Liquid | ||
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| | | | ||
| *w | | *w | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | | ! rowspan="2" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="3" | Short | ||
! | ! rowspan="6" | | ||
! colspan =" | ! colspan ="3" | Long | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Front</small> | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Centre</small> | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Back</small> | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Front</small> | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Centre</small> | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Back</small> | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Close | ! Close | ||
| *i | | *i | ||
| rowspan="2" | *ë | |||
| rowspan="2" | *u | |||
| *ī | | *ī | ||
| | | rowspan="2" | *ë̄ | ||
| | | rowspan="2" | *ū | ||
| | |||
| *ū | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| *e | | rowspan="2" | *e | ||
| *ē | | rowspan="2" | *ē | ||
| | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
| * | ! Open | ||
| | | colspan="2" | *a | ||
| | | colspan="2" | *ā | ||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |- style="text-align:center;" | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | === Accent === | ||
== Morphology == | == Morphology == | ||
=== Reduplication === | === Reduplication === | ||
Proto-Dynic makes extensive use of reduplication to form the plural of nouns. Generally, the first onset and nucleus of a word are reduplicated, with any long vowels shortened in the reduplicated syllable: | Proto-Dynic makes extensive use of reduplication to form the plural of nouns. Generally, the first onset and nucleus of a word are reduplicated, with any long vowels shortened in the reduplicated syllable: | ||
* ''* | * ''*kel'' ('island') → ''*kekel'' ('islands') | ||
* ''* | * ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dudūnə'' ('people') | ||
* ''* | * ''*sawk'' ('hawk') → ''*sasawk'' ('hawks') | ||
Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun. The same is true of adjectives: | Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun. The same is true of adjectives: | ||
* ''* | * ''*sēl'' ('the ocean') → ''*sesēl'' ('the vast ocean') | ||
* ''* | * ''*hur-si'' ('tall, high') → ''*huhur-si'' ('very tall, very high') | ||
* ''* | * ''*ə̄c-si'' ('large, big') → ''*əʔə̄c-si'' ('huge, enormous') | ||
Occasionally a reduplicated term may carry both of these meanings. For example, ''* | Occasionally a reduplicated term may carry both of these meanings. For example, ''*kekel'' may have the plural meaning 'islands,' or the collective 'land, all the islands, great island, continent.' | ||
Reduplication is used in verbs to form mediopassive verbs from active transitive ones. Due to the ''bi-moraic rule'', the conclusive verb ending is dropped before a pausa in verbs with single mora stems. | |||
* ''*mīh'' ('to see') → ''*mimīh'' ('to be visible') | |||
*: ex. ''*sawk ti-mīh'' ('I see a hawk') vs. ''*sawk mimīh'' ('the hawk is visible') | |||
* ''*bura'' ('to protect') → ''*bubura'' ('to be safe, to be protected') | |||
== Development == | |||
=== To [[Proto-Central Dynic]] === | |||
Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original ''*ē'', whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as {{IPA-all|ɛː|}}, written ''*ē₂''. | |||
* ''*ē'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*sēl'' ('sea') → ''*sē₁l'' | |||
* ''*ey'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*itʔeyn'' ('I ate it') → ''*ittē₁n'' | |||
* ''*əy'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*ŋʷəy'' (''fish'') → ''*ŋʷē₂'' | |||
* ''*ay'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*daŋʷay'' ('song') → ''*daŋʷē₂'' | |||
A similar change occurred with ''*ə̄'' and ''*əu'', however ''*eu'' and ''*au'' were unaffected. | |||
* ''*ə̄'' → ''*ō₁''; e.g. ''*ə̄č-si'' (''big'') → ''*ō₁čsi'' | |||
* ''*əw'' → ''*ō₂''; e.g. ''*dəwl'' (''door'') → ''*dō₂l'' | |||
Word final /*ə/ is dropped in most cases, except before a case suffix. In root initial cases, it becomes, it becomes /*o/, and elsewhere it becomes /*e/. | |||
* ''*ənə-si'' ('small') → ''*onesi'' | |||
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dūn'', but ''*dūnə-ŋa'' → ''*dūne-ŋa'' | |||
== Lexicon == | == Lexicon == | ||
[[:Category:Proto-Dynic_words|Proto-Dynic Lexicon]] | |||
== Footnotes == | == Footnotes == | ||