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Proto-Dynic (view source)

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox proto-language
| name = ''Proto-Dynic''
| name       = Proto-Dynic
|-
| creator     = [[User:Gaffney.flancer|Gaffney McCoy Flancer]]
|creator = Gaffney McCoy Flancer
| target      = Dynic
| setting = Veyn
| era        =
|-
| region      = Veyn
| familycolor = #93CCEA
| familycolor = dynic
| fam1 = Dynic language family
}}
}}


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! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small> plain <small>
! <small> plain <small>
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| *ŋ
| *ŋ
| *ŋʷ
| *ŋʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| *p
| *t
| *t
| *č
| *c
| *k
| *k
| *kʷ
| *kʷ
| (*ʔ)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *d
| *d
|  
|
| *g
| *g
| *gʷ
| *gʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
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|
|
|
|
| *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
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|
|
| *w
| *w
|
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="3" | Short
! colspan ="2" | Central
! rowspan="6" |
! colspan ="2" | Back
! colspan ="3" | Long
|-
|-
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Front</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Centre</small>
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Back</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Front</small>
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Centre</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Back</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
! Close
| *i
| *i
| rowspan="2" | *ë
| rowspan="2" | *u
| *ī
| *ī
|
| rowspan="2" | *ë̄
|
| rowspan="2" | *ū
| *u
| *ū
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
! Mid
| *e
| rowspan="2" | *e
| *ē
| rowspan="2" | *ē
| *ə
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ə̄
! Open
|
| colspan="2" | *a
|
| colspan="2" | *ā
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
|
|
| *a
| *ā
|
|
|}
|}


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== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
The basic, or [[w:Absolutive case|absolutive]], form of a noun is the bare stem, with no affixes or modifications.  To this stem can be added a variety of affixes.  Generally, prefixes are possessives or determinatives, whilst suffixes convert grammatical information such as [[w:Grammatical case|case]].
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Nominal prefixes
|-
! Meaning
! Prefix
! Example
|-
! 1.sg. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*tə-''
| ''*təbeŋ'' 'my house'
|-
! 1.pl. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*wə-''
| ''*wəbeŋ'' 'our house'
|-
! 2.sg. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*nə-''
| ''*nəbeŋ'' 'your house'
|-
! 2.pl. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*bə-''
| ''*bəbeŋ'' 'y'all's house'
|-
! 3rd person possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*ī-''
| ''*ībeŋ'' 'their house'
|-
! 4th person possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*kə-''
| ''*kəbeŋ'' 'their house'
|-
! Indefinite possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*ā-''
| ''*ābeŋ'' 'someone's house'
|-
! proximal determiner
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*di-''
| ''*gibeŋ'' 'this house'
|-
! medial determiner
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*egi-''
| ''*igibeŋ'' 'that house near you'
|-
! distal determiner
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*agi-''
| ''*agibeŋ'' 'that house over there'
|}
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Nominal suffixes
|-
! Meaning
! Suffix
! Example
|-
! ergative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ŋa''
| ''*dūnəŋa'' 'the person (erg.)'
|-
! dative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-əi''
| ''*dūnə̄i'' 'to the person'<br>Can also be used with motion to
|-
! locative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-in''
| ''*beŋin'' 'at the house'<br>Can also be used with motion from
|-
! comitative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-il''
| ''*kuril'' 'with the chief'
|-
! partitive case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-isāh''
| ''*arkʷisāh'' 'part of the boat'
|-
! vocative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-a''
| ''*kura'' 'o chief!'
|-
! honorific
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-cin''
| ''*dūnəcin'' 'the person (said with respect)'
|}
A small quirk of morphosyntax; when a prefix is attached to a word, any suffix is not attached after the words itself, but after the prefix, i.e. '''''*wə-ŋa-kur''''' ('our chief (erg.)') not ''**wə-kur-ŋa''.  This includes instances of [[w:Suffixaufnahme|suffixaufnahme]], such as those which commonly occur with the honorific; '''''*wəcinŋa kur''''' not ''**wəŋa kurcin'' or ''**wəcin kurŋa''.
Unmarked nouns can be used as a genitive construct state, wherein the possessor comes before the possessed, e.g. '''''*kurbeŋ''''' ('the chief's house').  Occasionally, the 3rd or 4th person possessive pronouns may come before the main noun, depending on the salience of the possessor within the discourse ('''''*kur ībeŋ''''' or '''''*kur kəbeŋ''''').
=== Verbs ===
==== The verb template ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Proto-Dynic verb template
|-
! colspan="6" | conjunct prefixes
! stem
! conjunct suffixes
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| 2
| 3a
| 3b
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
|- style="text-align:center;"
| <small>direct object</small>
| <small>adverb</small>
| <small>(converb classifier)</small>
| <small>converb</small>
| <small>classifier</small>
| <small>subject</small>
| <small>'''stem'''</small>
| <small>auxiliary</small>
|}
==== Subject and object marking ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Pronominal inflection
|-
! rowspan="2" | Number
! colspan="2" | Absolutive
! colspan="2" | Ergative
|-
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st person
| ''*t-''
| ''*wi-''
| ''*-ti-''
| ''*-wəh-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd person
| ''*n-''
| ''*bi-''
| ''*-ni-''
| ''*-bih-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd person
| colspan="2" | ''*Ø-''
| colspan="2" | ''*i-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 4rd person
| colspan="2" | ''*s-''
| colspan="2" | ''*ki-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Indefinite
| colspan="2" | ''*a-''
| colspan="2" | ''*a-''
|}
The third person and fourth person pronominal clitics are used to keep track of multiple third person arguments within discourse, any may also be referred to as the ''third person proximate'' and ''third person obviate'' respectively.  The third person is assigned to the more salient argument, or the argument which has appeared before.
==== Classifiers ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Proto-Dynic classifiers
|-
! ''classifier''
! ''transitivity''
! ''example''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-l-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*təul aŋ'' ('the door opens') → ''*təul ilsaŋ'' ('they open the door')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ca-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*sauk ser'' ('the hawks become fewer') → ''*sauk acaser'' ('someone is making the hawks fewer')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ra-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*t-hī'' ('I breathe') → ''*ŋʷəi wast irashī'' ('fish breathe water')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-mak-''
| style="text-align:center;" | intrans.
| ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*maknhur'' ('you get tall')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-mek-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*n-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall')
|}


=== Reduplication ===
=== Reduplication ===
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* ''*kel'' ('island') → ''*kekel'' ('islands')
* ''*kel'' ('island') → ''*kekel'' ('islands')
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dudūnə'' ('people')
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dudūnə'' ('people')
* ''*sauk'' ('hawk') → ''*sasauk'' ('hawks')
* ''*sawk'' ('hawk') → ''*sasawk'' ('hawks')
Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun.  The same is true of adjectives:
Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun.  The same is true of adjectives:
* ''*sēl'' ('the ocean') → ''*sesēl'' ('the vast ocean')
* ''*sēl'' ('the ocean') → ''*sesēl'' ('the vast ocean')
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Reduplication is used in verbs to form mediopassive verbs from active transitive ones.  Due to the ''bi-moraic rule'', the conclusive verb ending is dropped before a pausa in verbs with single mora stems.
Reduplication is used in verbs to form mediopassive verbs from active transitive ones.  Due to the ''bi-moraic rule'', the conclusive verb ending is dropped before a pausa in verbs with single mora stems.
* ''*misu'' ('to see') → ''*mimi'' ('to be visible')
* ''*mīh'' ('to see') → ''*mimīh'' ('to be visible')
*: ex. ''*sauk it-misu'' ('I see a hawk') vs. ''*sauk mimi'' ('the hawk is visible/the hawk sees')
*: ex. ''*sawk ti-mīh'' ('I see a hawk') vs. ''*sawk mimīh'' ('the hawk is visible')
* ''*bura'' ('to protect') → ''*bubura'' ('to be safe, to be protected')
* ''*bura'' ('to protect') → ''*bubura'' ('to be safe, to be protected')
* ''*ag'' ('to raise') → ''*aʔag'' ('to rise')


== Development ==
== Development ==
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Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original ''*ē'', whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as {{IPA-all|ɛː|}}, written ''*ē₂''.
Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original ''*ē'', whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as {{IPA-all|ɛː|}}, written ''*ē₂''.
* ''*ē'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*sēl'' ('sea') → ''*sē₁l''
* ''*ē'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*sēl'' ('sea') → ''*sē₁l''
* ''*ei'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*iteidə'' ('I ate it') → ''*itē₁d''
* ''*ey'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*itʔeyn'' ('I ate it') → ''*ittē₁n''
* ''*əi'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*-dəiarusu'' (''{{interlinear|PFV}} suffix'') → ''*-dē₂arusu''
* ''*əy'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*ŋʷəy'' (''fish'') → ''*ŋʷē₂''
* ''*ai'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*t-daŋʷaidə'' ('I sang') → ''*ī-daŋʷē₂d''
* ''*ay'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*daŋʷay'' ('song') → ''*daŋʷē₂''
A similar change occurred with ''*ə̄'' and ''*əu'', however ''*eu'' and ''*au'' were unaffected.
A similar change occurred with ''*ə̄'' and ''*əu'', however ''*eu'' and ''*au'' were unaffected.
* ''*ə̄'' → ''*ō₁''; e.g. ''*nkʷə̄'' (''speak!'') → ''*inkʷō₁''
* ''*ə̄'' → ''*ō₁''; e.g. ''*ə̄č-si'' (''big'') → ''*ō₁čsi''
* ''*əu'' → ''*ō₂''; e.g. ''*kʷəidəu'' (''the one who spoke'') → ''*kʷē₂dō₂'' (perhaps {{IPA-all|kʷɛ̂ː.dɔː|}})
* ''*əw'' → ''*ō₂''; e.g. ''*dəwl'' (''door'') → ''*dō₂l''
Word final /*ə/ is dropped in most cases, except before a case suffix.  Elsewhere, it becomes /*o/.
Word final /*ə/ is dropped in most cases, except before a case suffix.  In root initial cases, it becomes, it becomes /*o/, and elsewhere it becomes /*e/.
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dūn'', but ''*dūnə-ŋa'' → ''*dūno-ŋa''
* ''*ənə-si'' ('small') → ''*onesi''
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dūn'', but ''*dūnə-ŋa'' → ''*dūne-ŋa''


== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/193308...267743"