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Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions

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Proto-Dynic (view source)

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox proto-language
| name = ''Proto-Dynic''
| name       = Proto-Dynic
|-
| creator     = [[User:Gaffney.flancer|Gaffney McCoy Flancer]]
|creator = Gaffney McCoy Flancer
| target      = Dynic
| setting = Veyn
| era        =
|-
| region      = Veyn
| familycolor = #93CCEA
| familycolor = dynic
| fam1 = Dynic language family
}}
}}


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! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small> plain <small>
! <small> plain <small>
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| *ŋ
| *ŋ
| *ŋʷ
| *ŋʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! <small>voiceless</small>
! <small>voiceless</small>
|
| *p
| *t
| *t
| *c
| *c
| *k
| *k
| *kʷ
| *kʷ
| (*ʔ)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *d
| *d
|  
|
| *g
| *g
| *gʷ
| *gʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
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|
|
|
|
| *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
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|
|
| *w
| *w
|
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="3" | Short
! colspan ="2" | Central
! rowspan="6" |
! colspan ="2" | Back
! colspan ="3" | Long
|-
|-
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Front</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Centre</small>
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Back</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Front</small>
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Centre</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Back</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
! Close
| *i
| *i
| rowspan="2" | *ë
| rowspan="2" | *u
| *ī
| *ī
| *ɨ
| rowspan="2" | *ë̄
|  
| rowspan="2" | *ū
| *u
| *ū
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
! Mid
| *e
| rowspan="2" | *e
| *ē
| rowspan="2" | *ē
| *ə
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ə̄
! Open
|
| colspan="2" | *a
|
| colspan="2" | *ā
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
|
|
| *a
| *ā
|
|
|}
|}


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== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Nouns ===
The basic, or [[w:Absolutive case|absolutive]], form of a noun is the bare stem, with no affixes or modifications.  To this stem can be added a variety of affixes.  Generally, prefixes are possessives or determinatives, whilst suffixes convert grammatical information such as [[w:Grammatical case|case]].
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Nominal prefixes
|-
! Meaning
! Prefix
! Example
|-
! 1.sg. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*tə-''
| ''*təbeŋ'' 'my house'
|-
! 1.pl. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*wə-''
| ''*wəbeŋ'' 'our house'
|-
! 2.sg. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*nə-''
| ''*nəbeŋ'' 'your house'
|-
! 2.pl. possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*bə-''
| ''*bəbeŋ'' 'y'all's house'
|-
! 3rd person possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*ī-''
| ''*ībeŋ'' 'their house'
|-
! 4th person possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*kə-''
| ''*kəbeŋ'' 'their house'
|-
! Indefinite possessor
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*ā-''
| ''*ābeŋ'' 'someone's house'
|-
! proximal determiner
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*di-''
| ''*gibeŋ'' 'this house'
|-
! medial determiner
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*er-''
| ''*erbeŋ'' 'that house near you'
|-
! distal determiner
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*ar-''
| ''*arbeŋ'' 'that house over there'
|}
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Nominal suffixes
|-
! Meaning
! Suffix
! Example
|-
! ergative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ŋa''
| ''*dūnəŋa'' 'the person (erg.)'
|-
! dative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-əi''
| ''*dūnə̄i'' 'to the person'<br>Can also be used with motion to
|-
! locative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-in''
| ''*beŋin'' 'at the house'<br>Can also be used with motion from
|-
! comitative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-il''
| ''*kuril'' 'with the chief'
|-
! partitive case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-isāh''
| ''*arakʷisāh'' 'part of the boat'
|-
! vocative case
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-a''
| ''*kura'' 'o chief!'
|-
! honorific
|  style="text-align:center;" | ''*-cin''
| ''*kurcin'' 'the chief (said with respect)'
|}
A small quirk of morphosyntax; when a prefix is attached to a word, any suffix is not attached after the words itself, but after the prefix, i.e. '''''*wə-ŋa-kur''''' ('our chief (erg.)') not ''**wə-kur-ŋa''.  This includes instances of [[w:Suffixaufnahme|suffixaufnahme]], such as those which commonly occur with the honorific; '''''*wəcinŋa kur''''' not ''**wəŋa kurcin'' or ''**wəcin kurŋa''.
Unmarked nouns can be used as a genitive construct state, wherein the possessor comes before the possessed, e.g. '''''*kurbeŋ''''' ('the chief's house').  Occasionally, the 3rd or 4th person possessive pronouns may come before the main noun, depending on the salience of the possessor within the discourse ('''''*kur ībeŋ''''' or '''''*kur kəbeŋ''''').
=== Verbs ===
==== The verb template ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Proto-Dynic verb template
|-
! colspan="6" | conjunct prefixes
! stem
! conjunct suffixes
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| 2
| 3a
| 3b
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
|- style="text-align:center;"
| <small>direct object</small>
| <small>adverb</small>
| <small>(converb classifier)</small>
| <small>converb</small>
| <small>classifier</small>
| <small>subject</small>
| <small>'''stem'''</small>
| <small>auxiliary</small>
|}
==== Subject and object marking ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Pronominal inflection
|-
! rowspan="2" | Number
! colspan="2" | Absolutive
! colspan="2" | Ergative
|-
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st person
| ''*-ɨt-''
| ''*-wi-''
| ''*ti-''
| ''*wəh-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd person
| ''*-ɨn-''
| ''*-bi-''
| ''*ni-''
| ''*bih-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd person
| colspan="2" | ''*-Ø-''
| colspan="2" | ''*i-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 4rd person
| colspan="2" | ''*-ɨs-''
| colspan="2" | ''*ki-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Indefinite
| colspan="2" | ''*-a-''
| colspan="2" | ''*a-''
|}
The third person and fourth person pronominal clitics are used to keep track of multiple third person arguments within discourse, any may also be referred to as the ''third person proximate'' and ''third person obviate'' respectively.  The third person is assigned to the more salient argument, or the argument which has appeared before.
==== Classifiers ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Proto-Dynic classifiers
|-
! ''classifier''
! ''transitivity''
! ''example''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-če-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*sawk ser'' ('the hawks become fewer') → ''*sauk ačeser'' ('someone is making the hawks fewer')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-ra-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*ɨt-hīl'' ('I breathe') → ''*ŋʷəy wasɨt irashīl'' ('fish breathe water')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-mak-''
| style="text-align:center;" | intrans.
| ''*ɨn-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*makɨnhur'' ('you get tall')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*-mek-''
| style="text-align:center;" | trans.
| ''*ɨn-hur-si'' ('you are tall') → ''*nimekhur'' ('you make it tall')
|}


=== Reduplication ===
=== Reduplication ===
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Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original ''*ē'', whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as {{IPA-all|ɛː|}}, written ''*ē₂''.
Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original ''*ē'', whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as {{IPA-all|ɛː|}}, written ''*ē₂''.
* ''*ē'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*sēl'' ('sea') → ''*sē₁l''
* ''*ē'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*sēl'' ('sea') → ''*sē₁l''
* ''*ey'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*itʔeydə'' ('I ate it') → ''*itʔē₁d''
* ''*ey'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*itʔeyn'' ('I ate it') → ''*ittē₁n''
* ''*əy'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*ŋʷəy'' (''fish'') → ''*ŋʷē₂''
* ''*əy'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*ŋʷəy'' (''fish'') → ''*ŋʷē₂''
* ''*ay'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*daŋʷay'' ('song') → ''*daŋʷē₂''
* ''*ay'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*daŋʷay'' ('song') → ''*daŋʷē₂''
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/193700...267743"