Proto-Dynic: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox proto-language
| name = ''Proto-Dynic''
| name       = Proto-Dynic
|-
| creator     = [[User:Gaffney.flancer|Gaffney McCoy Flancer]]
|creator = Gaffney McCoy Flancer
| target      = Dynic
| setting = Veyn
| era        =
|-
| region      = Veyn
| familycolor = #93CCEA
| familycolor = dynic
| fam1 = Dynic language family
}}
}}


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! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
|-
! <small> plain <small>
! <small> plain <small>
Line 37: Line 35:
| *ŋ
| *ŋ
| *ŋʷ
| *ŋʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! rowspan="2" | Stop
Line 46: Line 43:
| *k
| *k
| *kʷ
| *kʷ
| (*ʔ)
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! <small>voiced</small>
! <small>voiced</small>
| *b
| *b
| *d
| *d
|  
|
| *g
| *g
| *gʷ
| *gʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
! colspan="2" | Fricative
Line 62: Line 57:
|
|
|
|
| *h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
! colspan="2" | Liquid
Line 70: Line 64:
|
|
| *w
| *w
|
|}
|}


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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="3" | Short
! colspan ="2" | Central
! rowspan="6" |
! colspan ="2" | Back
! colspan ="3" | Long
|-
|-
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Front</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Centre</small>
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Back</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Front</small>
! <small> short <small>
! <small>Centre</small>
! <small> long <small>
! <small>Back</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
! Close
| *i
| *i
| rowspan="2" | *ë
| rowspan="2" | *u
| *ī
| *ī
|
| rowspan="2" | *ë̄
|
| rowspan="2" | *ū
| *u
| *ū
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
! Mid
| *e
| rowspan="2" | *e
| *ē
| rowspan="2" | *ē
| *ə
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ə̄
! Open
|
| colspan="2" | *a
|
| colspan="2" | *ā
|- style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
|
|
| *a
| *ā
|
|
|}
|}


=== Pitch accent ===
=== Accent ===
 
Words of four or fewer syllables in Proto-Dynic carry a [[w:Pitch accent|pitch accent]], wherein a high pitch falls on one morae.  There is also a so-called ''dangling accent'', where a high pitch appears on the next mora ''following'' the word.  The placement of the accent is lexical; it is not determined by any phonological processes, and must be specified for each individual word.
 
Long vowels in Proto-Dynic are considered two morae, thus it is possible for the high pitch to fall on one or the other long vowel morae.  In this case, a contour tone is created, either rising or falling depending on where the high-pitch lies.
 
* High tone: [[w:Acute accent|acute accent]] ( ´ ), e.g. ''*árkʷ'' ({{IPA-all|árkʷ|}})
* Rising tone: [[w:Caron|caron]] ( ˇ ), e.g. ''*mǐ-dəsu'' ({{IPA-all|mií.də.su|}})
* Falling tone: [[w:Circumflex|circumflex]] (  ̂ ), e.g. ''*êhisu'' ({{IPA-all|ʔée.hi.su|}})
* Low tone: [[w:Grave accent|grave accent]] (  ̀ ) (''means that the next mora has a high pitch''), e.g. ''*hùr''  ({{IPA-all|hur|}}) → ''hur-sí'' ({{IPA-all|hur.sí|}})


== Morphology ==
== Morphology ==
=== Verbs ===
==== The verb template ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Proto-Dynic verb template
|-
! colspan="6" | conjunct prefixes
! stem
! conjunct suffixes
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 1
| 2
| 3a
| 3b
| 4
| 5
| 6
| 7
|- style="text-align:center;"
| <small>direct object</small>
| <small>adverb</small>
| <small>(converb classifier)</small>
| <small>converb</small>
| <small>classifier</small>
| <small>subject</small>
| <small>'''stem'''</small>
| <small>auxiliary</small>
|}
==== Subject and object marking ====
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Pronominal inflection
|-
! rowspan="2" | Number
! colspan="2" | Subject
! colspan="2" | Object
|-
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
! <small>singular</small>
! <small>plural</small>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 1st person
| ''*t-''
| ''*wi-''
| ''*-ti-''
| ''*-wəh-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 2nd person
| ''*n-''
| ''*bi-''
| ''*-ni-''
| ''*-bih-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 3rd person
| colspan="2" | ''*Ø-''
| colspan="2" | ''*i-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! 4rd person
| colspan="2" | ''*s-''
| colspan="2" | ''*ki-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Indefinite
| colspan="2" | ''*a-''
| colspan="2" | ''*a-''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Reflexive
| colspan="2" | ''*Ø-''
| colspan="2" | ''*ce-''
|}
The third person and fourth person pronominal clitics are used to keep track of multiple third person arguments within discourse, any may also be referred to as the ''third person proximate'' and ''third person obviate'' respectively.  The third person is assigned to the more salient argument, or the argument which has appeared before.
==== Classifiers ====
Classifiers are optional prefixes that affect the [[w:Transitive verb|transitivity]] or [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] of a verb.  There are a number of different classifiers for different categories of verbs.  Some verbs have an inherent transitivity, which can be changed via classifiers, whilst others require a classifier for both their transitive and intransitive forms.
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Pronominal inflection
|-
! IN
! Use
! Examples
! TR
! Use
! Examples
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*ar-''
| Forms intransitive verbs from stems related to motion, or creates stative verbs of position.
| ''*arttésu'' 'I come down'
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*e-''
| Forms transitive verbs from stems related to motion, or creates transitive verbs from root unaccusative verbs of manipulation or change of state.
| ''*yettésu'' 'I lower it'
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*re-''
| Forms unaccusative verbs from stems related to manipulation.
| ''*rerénusu'' 'it comes off'
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*c-''
| Forms transitive verbs from stems related to manipulation, or change of state.
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*ri-''
| Forms intransitive verbs denoting a static state from stems related to state.
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*ac-''
| Forms transitive verbs from stems denoting a state of change, especially a physical impact, or causative verbs from stems relating to speech or sound.
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*e-''
| Forms unaccusative verbs from stems denoting a state of change, especially a physical impact.
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*əc-''
| Forms causative transitive verbs from stems denoting labour or a physical or mental change of state.
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*i-''
| Forms intransitive verbs from stems denoting labour or a physical or mental change of state.
|
| style="text-align:center;" | ''*ce-''
| Forms causative transitive verbs from stems denoting physical location or position.
| ''*icetnə́rusu'' 'I put them on the boat')
|}
==== Conjugation ====
Proto-Dynic has a rich system of verbal suffixes.  Proto-Dynic verbs use [[w:Inflection|inflection]] for [[w:Linguistic modality|modal]] and [[w:Conjunction (grammar)|conjunctional]] purposes.  Other categories, such as [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]], [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]], [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspect]] and [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]], are expressed using optional suffixed [[w:Auxiliary verb|auxiliaries]], which are also inflected.  There are six [[w:Principle parts|principle parts]] from which all other conjugations are derived.
{| class="wikitable"  style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Conjugation of verb classes
|-
! Verb class
! Irrealis
! Infinitive
! Conclusive
! Adnominal
! Realis
! Imperative
! Gloss
|-
! C-stem regular
| ''*réne''
| ''*réni''
| ''*rénusu''
| ''*rénu''
| ''*rénsa''
| ''*rénə̄''
| 'take, tug'
|-
! ''s''-stem irregular
| ''*báse''
| ''*bási''
| ''*básu''
| ''*básu''
| ''*bâsa''
| ''*básə̄''
| 'hit, strike'
|-
! ''i''-stem irregular
| ''*mié''
| ''*mǐ''
| ''*misú''
| ''*miú''
| ''*misá''
| ''*miré''
| 'look, see'
|-
! ''u''-stem irregular
| ''*cué''
| ''*cuí''
| ''*cusú''
| ''*cǔ''
| ''*cusá''
| ''*curé''
| 'make, do, place'
|-
! ''e''-stem irregular
| ''*ě''
| ''*eí''
| ''*esú''
| ''*eú''
| ''*esá''
| ''*eré''
| 'eat'
|-
! ''ə''-stem irregular
| ''*kʷê''
| ''*kʷə́i''
| ''*kʷə́su''
| ''*kʷə́u''
| ''*kʷə́sa''
| ''*kʷə̂''
| 'say, speak'
|-
! ''a''-stem irregular
| ''*daŋʷáe''
| ''*daŋʷái''
| ''*daŋʷásu''
| ''*daŋʷáu''
| ''*daŋʷása''
| ''*daŋʷáre''
| 'sing, chant'
|-
! C-stem stative
| ''*ə̄c-hé''
| ''*ə̄c-hí''
| ''*ə̄c-sí''
| ''*ə̄c-hú''
| ''*ə̄c-sá''
| ''*ə̄c-hə́re''
| 'big, large'
|-
! V-stem stative
| ''*ə́nə-he''
| ''*ə́nə-hi''
| ''*ə́nə-si''
| ''*ə́nə-hu''
| ''*ə́nə-sa''
| ''*ə́nə-həre''
| 'small, little'
|}


=== Reduplication ===
=== Reduplication ===


Proto-Dynic makes extensive use of reduplication to form the plural of nouns.  Generally, the first onset and nucleus of a word are reduplicated, with any long vowels shortened in the reduplicated syllable:
Proto-Dynic makes extensive use of reduplication to form the plural of nouns.  Generally, the first onset and nucleus of a word are reduplicated, with any long vowels shortened in the reduplicated syllable:
* ''*kél'' ('island') → ''*kekél'' ('islands')
* ''*kel'' ('island') → ''*kekel'' ('islands')
* ''*dûnə'' ('person') → ''*dudûnə'' ('people')
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dudūnə'' ('people')
* ''*sáwk'' ('hawk') → ''*sasáwk'' ('hawks')
* ''*sawk'' ('hawk') → ''*sasawk'' ('hawks')
Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun.  The same is true of adjectives:
Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun.  The same is true of adjectives:
* ''*sêl'' ('the ocean') → ''*sesêl'' ('the vast ocean')
* ''*sēl'' ('the ocean') → ''*sesēl'' ('the vast ocean')
* ''*hur-sí'' ('tall, high') → ''*huhur-sí'' ('very tall, very high')
* ''*hur-si'' ('tall, high') → ''*huhur-si'' ('very tall, very high')
* ''*ə̄c-sí'' ('large, big') → ''*əʔə̄c-sí'' ('huge, enormous')
* ''*ə̄c-si'' ('large, big') → ''*əʔə̄c-si'' ('huge, enormous')
Occasionally a reduplicated term may carry both of these meanings.  For example, ''*kekél'' may have the plural meaning 'islands,' or the collective 'land, all the islands, great island, continent.'
Occasionally a reduplicated term may carry both of these meanings.  For example, ''*kekel'' may have the plural meaning 'islands,' or the collective 'land, all the islands, great island, continent.'
 
Reduplication is used in verbs to form mediopassive verbs from active transitive ones.  Due to the ''bi-moraic rule'', the conclusive verb ending is dropped before a pausa in verbs with single mora stems.
* ''*mīh'' ('to see') → ''*mimīh'' ('to be visible')
*: ex. ''*sawk ti-mīh'' ('I see a hawk') vs. ''*sawk mimīh'' ('the hawk is visible')
* ''*bura'' ('to protect') → ''*bubura'' ('to be safe, to be protected')
 
== Development ==
=== To [[Proto-Central Dynic]] ===
Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original ''*ē'', whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as {{IPA-all|ɛː|}}, written ''*ē₂''.
* ''*ē'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*sēl'' ('sea') → ''*sē₁l''
* ''*ey'' → ''*ē₁''; e.g. ''*itʔeyn'' ('I ate it') → ''*ittē₁n''
* ''*əy'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*ŋʷəy'' (''fish'') → ''*ŋʷē₂''
* ''*ay'' → ''*ē₂''; e.g. ''*daŋʷay'' ('song') → ''*daŋʷē₂''
A similar change occurred with ''*ə̄'' and ''*əu'', however ''*eu'' and ''*au'' were unaffected.
* ''*ə̄'' → ''*ō₁''; e.g. ''*ə̄č-si'' (''big'') → ''*ō₁čsi''
* ''*əw'' → ''*ō₂''; e.g. ''*dəwl'' (''door'') → ''*dō₂l''
Word final /*ə/ is dropped in most cases, except before a case suffix.  In root initial cases, it becomes, it becomes /*o/, and elsewhere it becomes /*e/.
* ''*ənə-si'' ('small') → ''*onesi''
* ''*dūnə'' ('person') → ''*dūn'', but ''*dūnə-ŋa'' → ''*dūne-ŋa''


== Lexicon ==
== Lexicon ==
[[:Category:Proto-Dynic_words|Proto-Dynic Lexicon]]


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==

Latest revision as of 19:08, 14 April 2022

Proto-Dynic
Created byGaffney McCoy Flancer
Reconstruction ofDynic
RegionVeyn

Proto-Dynic is a naturalistic constructed language made for the world of Veyn Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting. It is intended to serve as the common ancestor to the largest language family in Veyn, the Dynic family. The language and the family are both named after the shared root for the word 'person' in many Dynic languages, in Aryval, the most common Dynic language; dyn.

Proto-Dynic is a non-diegetic reconstructed conlang; that is, it does not exist within world of Veyn, but rather is framed as a hypothetical reconstruction that linguists may arrive at after studying the Dynic languages of Veyn. Although most of the in-world peoples of Veyn may have a basic understanding that the Dynic languages share a multitude of similarities, and understand the concept that they may have split from a single language in the distant past, they have yet to develop a model of Proto-Dynic. Although it is in fact not a reconstructed language—it was created before/along with it's descendants, it is presented as though it were, for stylistic reasons.

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Dynic consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Palatal Velar
plain labial
Nasal *m *n *ń *ŋ *ŋʷ
Stop voiceless *p *t *c *k *kʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative *s
Liquid *r *l *y *w

Vowels

Proto-Dynic vowel phonemes
Short Long
Front Centre Back Front Centre Back
Close *i *ë *u *ī *ë̄ *ū
Mid *e *ē
Open *a *ā

Accent

Morphology

Reduplication

Proto-Dynic makes extensive use of reduplication to form the plural of nouns. Generally, the first onset and nucleus of a word are reduplicated, with any long vowels shortened in the reduplicated syllable:

  • *kel ('island') → *kekel ('islands')
  • *dūnə ('person') → *dudūnə ('people')
  • *sawk ('hawk') → *sasawk ('hawks')

Reduplication can also be used with uncountable or collective nouns to refer to large or otherwise extreme or emphatic versions of a noun. The same is true of adjectives:

  • *sēl ('the ocean') → *sesēl ('the vast ocean')
  • *hur-si ('tall, high') → *huhur-si ('very tall, very high')
  • *ə̄c-si ('large, big') → *əʔə̄c-si ('huge, enormous')

Occasionally a reduplicated term may carry both of these meanings. For example, *kekel may have the plural meaning 'islands,' or the collective 'land, all the islands, great island, continent.'

Reduplication is used in verbs to form mediopassive verbs from active transitive ones. Due to the bi-moraic rule, the conclusive verb ending is dropped before a pausa in verbs with single mora stems.

  • *mīh ('to see') → *mimīh ('to be visible')
    ex. *sawk ti-mīh ('I see a hawk') vs. *sawk mimīh ('the hawk is visible')
  • *bura ('to protect') → *bubura ('to be safe, to be protected')

Development

To Proto-Central Dynic

Diphthongs ending in a palatal glide become long monophthongs, some merging with original *ē, whilst others becoming a new, perhaps more closed version, such as [ɛː], written *ē₂.

  • *ē → *ē₁; e.g. *sēl ('sea') → *sē₁l
  • *ey → *ē₁; e.g. *itʔeyn ('I ate it') → *ittē₁n
  • *əy → *ē₂; e.g. *ŋʷəy (fish) → *ŋʷē₂
  • *ay → *ē₂; e.g. *daŋʷay ('song') → *daŋʷē₂

A similar change occurred with *ə̄ and *əu, however *eu and *au were unaffected.

  • *ə̄ → *ō₁; e.g. *ə̄č-si (big) → *ō₁čsi
  • *əw → *ō₂; e.g. *dəwl (door) → *dō₂l

Word final /*ə/ is dropped in most cases, except before a case suffix. In root initial cases, it becomes, it becomes /*o/, and elsewhere it becomes /*e/.

  • *ənə-si ('small') → *onesi
  • *dūnə ('person') → *dūn, but *dūnə-ŋa → *dūne-ŋa

Lexicon

Proto-Dynic Lexicon

Footnotes

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