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Proto-Settameric/Swadesh list: Difference between revisions
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(Created page with "{| class="wikitable" ! No. ! English ! PS ! Notes |- | 1 || I || *n- || Appears as ''*-an'' (1st person transitive subject), ''*-kan'' (1st person intransitive subject). |-...") |
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| 9 || all || *lčus, *nyumʼə || | | 9 || all || *lčus, *nyumʼə || | ||
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| 10 || many || *səłku-(t/s) || Western and | | 10 || many || *səłku-(t/s) || The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final ''*-t'', while other languages point towards ''*-s'' instead. | ||
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| 11 || one || * | | 11 || one || *njeem || | ||
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| 12 || two || *meeja || | | 12 || two || *meeja || | ||
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| 15 || small || *iłiiqʰi || | | 15 || small || *iłiiqʰi || | ||
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| 16 || woman || *eełəŋ(kʼə) || ''*kʼ'' only shows in Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language). | | 16 || woman || *eełəŋ(kʼə) || ''*kʼ'' only shows in the Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language). | ||
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| 17 || man || *jootuqʼee || Problematic, as most languages have different words, like ''*(i)nees'', or ''*ajtax'' (this word probably originally meant "husband"). | | 17 || man || *jootuqʼee || Problematic, as most languages have different words, like ''*(i)nees'', or ''*ajtax'' (this word probably originally meant "husband"). | ||
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| 23 || tree || *čʰikʷee || | | 23 || tree || *čʰikʷee || | ||
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| 24 || seed || *θalču(jŋə) || Western languages point to ''*θalču'', while Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ. | | 24 || seed || *θalču(jŋə) || The Western languages point to ''*θalču'', while the Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ. | ||
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| 25 || leaf || *pəlaŋqʼa || | | 25 || leaf || *pəlaŋqʼa || | ||
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| 29 || meat || *dääw, *diɣʷ || Both ''*dääw'' and ''*diɣʷ'' gave words for "meat", but ''*dääw'' likely meant "cheek". | | 29 || meat || *dääw, *diɣʷ || Both ''*dääw'' and ''*diɣʷ'' gave words for "meat", but ''*dääw'' likely meant "cheek". | ||
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| 30 || blood || – || Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: ''*arə'', ''*ałkʷə and *cʰooxi. | | 30 || blood || – || Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: ''*arə'', ''*ałkʷə'' and ''*cʰooxi''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 31 || bone || || | | 31 || bone || *łəqʷ, *xoockʼee || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 32 || grease || | | 32 || grease || *woolxə, *njooš || ''*nyooš'' likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat". | ||
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| 33 || egg || | | 33 || egg || *tqaalx || The root ''*nyujee'', that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 34 || horn || | | 34 || horn || *wiiʟ || | ||
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| 35 || tail || | | 35 || tail || *čʼaakʼee, *ncaak || The most common root that gave words for "tail" is ''*njaɣə'' (more precisely its doublet ''*ŋaɣə'') "fish tail", while ''*čʼaakʼee'' "animal tail" is found only in the Southern branch. The root ''*ncaak'' probably meant "back". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 36 || feather || | | 36 || feather || *miixee, *miiqʷee || The western languages point towards ''*miiqʷee, while the Southern show reflexes of *miixee. Various Eastern languages have reflexes of ''*iłoop-čə'' instead. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 37 || hair || | | 37 || hair || *ʟʼeepe || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 38 || head || | | 38 || head || *tʼuqʷ || Various languages derive their words for "head" from ''*qams'' "face", ''*oori'' "forward", ''*čiiŋqə'' "forehead". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 39 || ear || | | 39 || ear || *ʟʼaatə, *noo(tə)x || The root ''*noo(t)xə'' can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as ''*noox'', while for others - ''*notxə''. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage. | ||
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| 40 || eye || | | 40 || eye || *qʰałee || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 41 || nose || | | 41 || nose || *łəqʼaw || | ||
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| 42 || mouth || || | | 42 || mouth || *qʷeeθ, *ooł || The Far Eastern and the Southern langauges derive their word for "mouth" from ''*ʟʼeeqʷθə'' "throat". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 43 || tooth || | | 43 || tooth || – || Various languages show reflexes of different roots: ''*qiɣee'', ''*xecas'', *əlʼəwnux'' ("tip", "blade"). ''*xecas'' often has the meaning of "fangs", while ''*qiɣee'' gives words for "needle". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 44 || tongue || | | 44 || tongue || *qʰiił, *mqiił || The root ''*mqiił'' looks like an old derivation of *qʰiił and likely meant "chewing". The meaning of "speaking" probably appeared from the contamination of a similar root ''*mqal'' "language". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 45 || fingernail || | | 45 || fingernail || – || Problematic, as various languages point to two roots *kʼwitʼə and *toonxə, both of which meant something related to animals, like"claws" or "scales". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 46 || foot || | | 46 || foot || *θitʼeeł || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 47 || knee || | | 47 || knee || *pʼiqee, *aqeet || Both roots could have meant "knee", based on the data from modern descendants. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 48 || hand || | | 48 || hand || *diim || Most languages derive their words for "hand" from ''*-nulkʼ-'' ("carrying in hands"), or ''*-iq'' ("by" or "with"). | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 49 || belly || | | 49 || belly || *tʼaaka, *kʰis || The root ''*kʰis'' likely meant "body". The Western languages derive their words from ''*wulun'' "round" instead. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 50 || neck || | | 50 || neck || *qʷaj || The Eastern languages point to ''*səkʷeen'' "the rotating one". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 51 || breast || | | 51 || breast || *ipee || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 52 || heart || | | 52 || heart || *tʼiŋqee, *łəmcas || The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from ''*łəmcas'', which meant "middle". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 53 || liver || | | 53 || liver || *(r,ł)aaqʷa, || The Western languages show initial ''*r-'', while the Eastern ones show ''*ł''. The Southern branch derives their words from *łiqʷ "meat", or ''*tʰištə'' "spleen". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 54 || drink || | | 54 || drink || *mɣoor || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 55 || eat || | | 55 || eat || *qʼancə || The Plain Eastern languages have ''*miis'' or ''*moos'' instead, the exact vowel can not be determined because of the sound change *oo>*ii in those languages. likely a substrate word. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 56 || bite || | | 56 || bite || *łəθkoo || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 57 || see || | | 57 || see || *noonʼə, *njən || Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively. Most languages derive their words from both roots. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 58 || hear || | | 58 || hear || *meeʟʼ, *mi || Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 59 || know || | | 59 || know || *qʰoom || The Western languages derive their words from *fis "understand" instead. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 60 || sleep || || | | 60 || sleep || *kʼʷooł, *iłkʼʷə || The root ''*iłkʼʷə'' is likely a later derivation of ''*kʼʷooł'', and meant "to dream". | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 61 || die || | | 61 || die || *njapʰee, *likumʼə || The root ''*njapʰee'' probably meant "dying of unnatural causes", while ''*likumʼə'' was likely "dying of old age". | ||
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| 62 || kill || | | 62 || kill || *əłxəmʼa || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 63 || swim || | | 63 || swim || *moor, *ool || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 64 || fly (v.) || || | | 64 || fly (v.) || || | ||