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Qazhrian: Difference between revisions
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[[Qazhrian/Lexicon]] | [[Qazhrian/Lexicon]] | ||
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'''Qazhrian''' (/kɑːʒriən/ ''KAHZH-ree-uhn''; natively: ''Qazhrem'' /ˈqaʒɾem/ or ''kje Lazhrem'' /ce ˈʟaʒɾem/) is a [[Talmic]] language spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Qazhra|Qazhra]] (from Thensarian ''Ȝactrasei''), a [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talman]] country. It is the | '''Qazhrian''' (/kɑːʒriən/ ''KAHZH-ree-uhn''; natively: ''Qazhrem'' /ˈqaʒɾem/ or ''kje Lazhrem'' /ce ˈʟaʒɾem/) is a [[Talmic]] language spoken in [[Verse:Tricin/Qazhra|Qazhra]] (from Thensarian ''Ȝactrasei''), a [[Verse:Tricin/Talma|Talman]] country. It is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers after [[Anbirese]], because most Qazhrian speakers reside in Cualuav. | ||
Qazhrian is descended from central and southern dialects of [[Thensarian]]. | Qazhrian is descended from central and southern dialects of [[Thensarian]]. | ||
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*/ts, dz/ from Thensarian /θ ð/ | */ts, dz/ from Thensarian /θ ð/ | ||
**d and dz both lenite to z | **d and dz both lenite to z | ||
*/q/ lenites intervocallically to /ʟ/ | */q/ lenites intervocallically to /ʟ/; conversely, /ʟ/ > /q/ initially. | ||
*/m/ does NOT lenite. | */m/ does NOT lenite. | ||
*''Qe!'' = a greeting | |||
*sC- clusters are retained except sl-, sr- > fl-, fr- | |||
*Ayin-intrusion occurs sometime in the history of the language | |||
==Diachronics== | ==Diachronics== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
'''p''' is found in loanwords (e.g. from | '''p''' is found in loanwords (e.g. from [[Windermere]]). | ||
Auslautverhärtung operates for plosives and is reflected in the orthography: ''aqet'' /ˈaqet/ 'to jump; jump!' vs. ''aqedëv'' /aˈqedəv/ '[X] jumps'. | Auslautverhärtung operates for plosives and is reflected in the orthography: ''aqet'' /ˈaqet/ 'to jump; jump!' vs. ''aqedëv'' /aˈqedəv/ '[X] jumps'. | ||
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| '''Radical''' || p || f || t || c || s || sh || kj || k || q || ħ || b || d || x || z || gj || g | | '''Radical''' || p || f || t || c || s || sh || kj || k || q || ħ || b || d || x || z || gj || g | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Soft''' || b || f || d || x || s || sh || gj || g || l || ħ || v || | | '''Soft''' || b || f || d || x || s || sh || gj || g || l || ħ || v || zh || z || z || y || gh | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Nasal''' || p || f || t || c || s || sh || kj || k || l || ħ || m || n || x || z || nj || ng | | '''Nasal''' || p || f || t || c || s || sh || kj || k || l || ħ || m || n || x || z || nj || ng | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Radical''' || m || n || nj || w || | | '''Radical''' || m || n || nj || w || rr || y || 0 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Soft''' || m || n || nj || w || | | '''Soft''' || m || n || nj || w || r || y || l | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Nasal''' || m || n || nj || w || | | '''Nasal''' || m || n || nj || w || rr || y || n | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Hard''' || m || n || nj || gw || | | '''Hard''' || m || n || nj || gw || gr || gj || h | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*''rronn'' /ron/ 'a man'; ''kje ronn'' /ce ɾon/ 'the man' | *''rronn'' /ron/ 'a man'; ''kje ronn'' /ce ɾon/ 'the man' | ||
*''kavër'' /ˈkavəɾ/ 'a woman'; ''kje gavër'' /ce ˈgavər/ 'the woman' | *''kavër'' /ˈkavəɾ/ 'a woman'; ''kje gavër'' /ce ˈgavər/ 'the woman' | ||
*''qe'' 'peace' > ''aun kje le'' 'make peace' | |||
Construct state is usually formed with ''-ët'': | Construct state is usually formed with ''-ët'' in the singular and ''-ëv'' in the plural: | ||
*''tëzhët kje ronn'' /ˈtəʒət ce ɾon/ 'the man's child' | *''tëzhët kje ronn'' /ˈtəʒət ce ɾon/ 'the man's child' | ||
Plurals are always formed with ''-nj'' for nouns ending in vowels and ''-i'' for nouns ending in consonants. | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Attributive adjectives lenite after definite nouns: ''rronn garv'' 'a heavy man'; ''kje ronn gharv'' 'the heavy man' | Attributive adjectives lenite after definite nouns: | ||
*''rronn garv'' 'a heavy man'; ''kje ronn gharv'' 'the heavy man' | |||
*''kadër kjun xelem'' (flower blue beautiful) 'a beautiful blue flower', ''kje gadër gjun zelem'' 'the beautiful blue flower' | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
There are finite verbs, but auxiliaries are also important | There are finite verbs, but auxiliaries are also important. Most verbs have two principal parts at most. | ||
:'''''Aqedëv kje nous | :'''''Aqedëv kje nous mrēsh lel krok kje sauv zrōmëran.''''' | ||
:/aˈqedəv ce nus | :/aˈqedəv ce nus mɾɛʃ ʟeʟ kɾok ce səuv zɾɔˈməɾan/ | ||
:jump-3P.NARR the fox brown quick over the dog lazy | :jump-3P.NARR the fox brown quick over the dog lazy | ||
:''The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'' | :''The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'' | ||
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:AUX-3P.PRES idea-PL green color-without at sleep.VN furious-ADV | :AUX-3P.PRES idea-PL green color-without at sleep.VN furious-ADV | ||
:''Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.'' | :''Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.'' | ||
Conjugation of ''aqet, aqedëv'' 'jump': | |||
Infinitive; imperative: ''aqet'' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 75px; "| | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1st singular | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2nd singular | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3rd singular | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1st plural exc. | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1st plural inc. | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2nd plural | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3rd plural | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Narrative | |||
| aqedan | |||
| aqeder | |||
| aqedëv | |||
| aqedem | |||
| aqedent | |||
| aqedëg | |||
| aqedëv | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Past | |||
| aqedezj | |||
| aqedëw | |||
| aqedo | |||
| aqedemër | |||
| aqedentër | |||
| aqedëgër | |||
| aqedo | |||
|- | |||
! style="" | Future | |||
| aqedōn | |||
| aqedōr | |||
| aqedō | |||
| aqedōm | |||
| aqedōnt | |||
| aqedōg | |||
| aqedō | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Qazhrian]] | |||