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|name = Qualdomelic | |name = Qualdomelic | ||
|nativename = cwaldeumẹlj | |nativename = cwaldeumẹlj | ||
|pronunciation = [kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ] | |pronunciation = {{IPA|[kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ]}} | ||
|region = Central Márusúturon (Qualdomailor) | |region = Central Márusúturon (Qualdomailor) | ||
|ethnicity = Qualdomelic | |ethnicity = Qualdomelic | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Qualdomelic language''' (natively ''toj cwaldeumẹlj'' [tɔɪ̯ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ] or, in full, ''toj cwaldeumẹlj toj γrămaț'' [- tɔɪ̯ ɣɾəˈmats]) is a language spoken on the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], native language of virtually all people in ''Qualdomailor'' (Qua.: ''Cwaldewmăjlor''), a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language<ref>Chlouvānem and a few minority languages are co-official in some regions.</ref>, and also by some minority in the northwestern [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Chlouvānem Inquisition]] (the country Qualdomailor shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in | The '''Qualdomelic language''' (natively ''toj cwaldeumẹlj'' {{IPA|[tɔɪ̯ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈmɛʎ]}} or, in full, ''toj cwaldeumẹlj toj γrămaț'' {{IPA|[- tɔɪ̯ ɣɾəˈmats]}}) is a language spoken on the planet of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], native language of virtually all people in ''Qualdomailor'' (Qua.: ''Cwaldewmăjlor''), a country in central Márusúturon, where it is the only nationwide official language<ref>Chlouvānem and a few minority languages are co-official in some regions.</ref>, and also by some minority in the northwestern [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|Chlouvānem Inquisition]] (the country Qualdomailor shares half of its land border with), far western Brono and Ylvostydh (the other two neighboring countries on land), as well as in Leñ-ṱef, Ebed-dowa, Oempras (all three divided from Qualdomailor by the ''Western Sea'' (in Qua. ''ivulit căd ittungaq''), as well as some diaspora communities in other parts of the former Kaiṣamā (notably in Nerekton), in Greater Skyrdagor, and also in the West.<br/>There are about 40 million native Qualdomelic speakers, the vast majority in Qualdomailor.<br/> | ||
It belongs to the Samaidulic language family (Qua.: ''tăjț samăjdul tăjț γrămaț''), more specifically to the Western Samaidulic languages - it is thus distantly related to another major language of the area, the Eastern Samaidulic [[Brono-Fathanic]]. | It belongs to the Samaidulic language family (Qua.: ''tăjț samăjdul tăjț γrămaț''), more specifically to the Western Samaidulic languages - it is thus distantly related to another major language of the area, the Eastern Samaidulic [[Brono-Fathanic]]. | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
==External History== | ==External History== | ||
Qualdomelic is a revived version of what I consider my first ever "serious" conlang (that is, not a relex), which I created in March 2014 - along with my first conworld sketch I used the name Calémere<ref>Then still spelled "Kalémere".</ref> for - and was called Valdimelic (''Hvaldeimήḷta'' in the orthography I used back then) - conworld-wise, it was Chlouvānem but about fifteen versions before the current one. While, after four years, I can safely say that in my original Valdimelic there were many too naïf elements and a bit of kitchen-sinkyness here and there, in the end there was something in its sound I liked and therefore, in February 2018, I decided to "revive" it (even if apart from a few lexical items it is, grammar-wise, a totally different language) and use it to replace ''saKalurilut'', a long-standing language in my conworld but which was too much of a Kalaallisut giblang to be justified after all those years. Its place in Calémere and a few words are thus taken from saKalurilut. As far as aesthetics are concerned, I replaced many of the too much Greek-looking words, as well as ēta and ōmega (but I kept gamma for /ɣ/) of the original Valdimelic, as well as those ideas that still survive in some way in Chlouvānem, with an aesthetic mostly inspired by Romanian, with hints of Irish, Yoruba (mainly ''ẹ'' and ''ọ''), and that beautiful Māori ''wh''. | Qualdomelic is a revived version of what I consider my first ever "serious" conlang (that is, not a relex), which I created in March 2014 - along with my first conworld sketch I used the name Calémere<ref>Then still spelled "Kalémere".</ref> for - and was called Valdimelic (''Hvaldeimήḷta'' in the orthography I used back then) - conworld-wise, it was Chlouvānem but about fifteen versions before the current one. While, after four years, I can safely say that in my original Valdimelic there were many too naïf elements and a bit of kitchen-sinkyness here and there, in the end there was something in its sound I liked and therefore, in February 2018, I decided to "revive" it (even if apart from a few lexical items it is, grammar-wise, a totally different language) and use it to replace ''saKalurilut'', a long-standing language in my conworld but which was too much of a Kalaallisut giblang to be justified after all those years. Its place in Calémere and a few words are thus taken from saKalurilut. As far as aesthetics are concerned, I replaced many of the too much Greek-looking words, as well as ēta and ōmega (but I kept gamma for /ɣ/) of the original Valdimelic, as well as those ideas that still survive in some way in Chlouvānem, with an aesthetic mostly inspired by Romanian, with hints of Irish, Yoruba (mainly ''ẹ'' and ''ọ''), and that beautiful Māori ''wh''. | ||
==Qualdomailor== | ==Qualdomailor== | ||
{| | {{Infobox country | ||
|conventional_long_name = Communist Republic of Qualdomailor | |||
|native_name = ''iă njăwțarnẹdarficu niă nnăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor'' | |||
|common_name = Qualdomailor | |||
| | |image_flag =Flag of Qualdomailor.png | ||
|alt_flag = Flag of the CRQ | |||
| Cănțe Inarviut | |national_anthem = The Song of Xixac<br/>(''Xixac căd nix'') | ||
| | |capital = Cănțe Inarviut | ||
|largest_city = Arvallivăt | |||
| Qualdomelic <small>(''cwaldewmẹljăd'')</small> | |official_languages = Qualdomelic | ||
| | |regional_languages = [[Chlouvānem]] <small>''(South)''</small> | ||
|ethnic_groups = 81,5% Qualdomelic <small>(''cwaldewmẹljăd'')</small><br/>17% Chlouvānem <small>(''țẹnwhanem'')</small><br/>1,5% others | |||
| Yunyalīlti <small>(''junjăliltărfic'')</small> | |ethnic_groups_year = (386ᘔ <small>(6418<sub>10</sub>)</small> census) | ||
| | |religion = 96% Yunyalīlti <small>(''junjăliltărfic'')</small><br/>4% others | ||
|demonym = Qualdomelic | |||
| | |government_type = Single-party presidential republic | ||
| | |leader_title1 = General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party | ||
! | |leader_name1 = Răjultiq Mittuc jamhni Whăngeă | ||
| | <!-- |sovereignty_type = Brief description of country/territory's status ("Independence [from...]", "Autonomous province [of...]", etc) | ||
| | |sovereignty_note = --> | ||
! | |established_event1 = Unification under the King of Cănțe Inarviut | ||
| | |established_date1 = 3698 <small>(6164<sub>10</sub>)</small> | ||
|- | |established_event2 = Establishment of the Communist Republic | ||
! | |established_date2 = 37Ɛ4 <small>(6328<sub>10</sub>)</small> | ||
| | <!-- |area_rank = ? | ||
|- | |area_magnitude=TBA | ||
|area_footnote = <ref>Natively cited as 43.ᘔ1.Ɛ20 e <small>(12,901,128<sub>10</sub>)</small>: 1 e (''ekram'') = 1,12 km<sup>2</sup> = 0,43 mi<sup>2</sup>.</ref> | |||
{{convert|14,449,263.36|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} --> | |||
| | <!-- |percent_water = | ||
|population_estimate = | |||
| | |population_estimate_rank = | ||
|- | |population_estimate_year = --> | ||
|population_census = 39,838,427 <small>(1.14.12.78Ɛ<sub>12</sub>)</small> | |||
| | |population_census_year = 386ᘔ <small>(6418<sub>10</sub>)</small> | ||
| | <!-- |population_density_km2 = 101.72 | ||
| < | |population_density_sq_mi = 263.46 | ||
| | |population_density_rank = --> | ||
| | |Gini = 0.191 | ||
|Gini_rank = 1st | |||
| LIL−3 | |Gini_year = 3871 <small>(6421<sub>10</sub>)</small> | ||
| | |HDI_year = 3872 <small>(6422<sub>10</sub>)</small> | ||
|HDI = 0.932 | |||
|HDI_rank = 2nd | |||
|currency = Inquisitorial Ilāti (CHI) | |||
|time_zone = [[#Time_zones|LIL−3]] Qualdomelic Time<br/><small>''(CER+9:53′40″)''</small> | |||
|drives_on = left | |||
| | |calling_code = +840 | ||
}} | |||
'''Qualdomailor''' (natively ''Cwaldewmăjlor'' [kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]), officially the '''Communist Republic of Qualdomailor''' (''iă nJăwțarnẹdarficu niă nNăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor'' [iə̯ ˌnjəʊ̯tsarˌnɛdarˈfiku niə̯ nːəaˌqapparˈtut kəˈiʃɪ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]), is a country in central Márusúturon, a continent of Calémere. It borders, clockwise from the north, Ylvostydh, Brono, and the Chlouvānem Inquisition; its western borders are maritime, on the Skyrdegan Inner Sea, more precisely the two inlets called Western Sea (''ivulit căd ittungaq'', a.k.a. High Ivulit in Chlouvānem sources) and (its southernmost part) Southern Passage Gulf (''ciswulit căd allațeă sa nănngiup'', a.k.a. Little Ivulit), which divide it from the countries of | '''Qualdomailor''' (natively ''Cwaldewmăjlor'' {{IPA|[kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]}}), officially the '''Communist Republic of Qualdomailor''' (''iă nJăwțarnẹdarficu niă nNăaqappartut căiši Cwaldeumăjlor'' {{IPA|[iə̯ ˌnjəʊ̯tsarˌnɛdarˈfiku niə̯ nːəaˌqapparˈtut kəˈiʃɪ kwaɫdɛʊ̯ˈməɪ̯lor]}}), is a country in central Márusúturon, a continent of Calémere. It borders, clockwise from the north, Ylvostydh, Brono, and the Chlouvānem Inquisition; its western borders are maritime, on the Skyrdegan Inner Sea, more precisely the two inlets called Western Sea (''ivulit căd ittungaq'', a.k.a. High Ivulit in Chlouvānem sources) and (its southernmost part) Southern Passage Gulf (''ciswulit căd allațeă sa nănngiup'', a.k.a. Little Ivulit), which divide it from the countries of Leñ-ṱef, Ebed-dowa, and Oempras. Most of its current borders are mountainous, with the country's highest peak, Mount Šuvăṛuc (''păsjănngul Šuvăṛuc'' or ''nărja Šuvăṛuc''; <small>[[Chlouvānem|Chl.]]: ''šūlābdeyān ga ñaryāh''</small>), on the Chlouvānem border and very close to the tripoint with Brono, being 3.ᘔƐ2 pā (6758<sub>10</sub> = about 7021.5 m) high. | ||
Qualdomailor lies almost entirely between latitudes 30° and 39°N; its southernmost point is just about one mile south of the 30th parallel north. The country may be divided, thanks to its various mountain chains, in three distinct zones: the Arănngallaq plain, along the Vălțẹšp river, which lies in the central-northern part of the country and is its most densely populated part; the long but narrow western coast; and the central highlands, which are river basins that ultimately all drain into the western coast through two major rivers - the Qasivănnẹq in the central part and the Ọrăisărpiq in the far south<ref>The final stretch of the Ọrăisărpiq river, after the canyons, also marks a small section of the border between Qualdomailor and the Chlouvānem Inquisition.</ref> - that cut through the mountains in impressive canyon systems.<br/>The two largest cities, Cănțe Inarviut ("City of the East", the capital), and Arvallivăt ("Red Castle"), lie in the Arănngallaq plain. | Qualdomailor lies almost entirely between latitudes 30° and 39°N, and mostly has a mediterranean climate; its southernmost point is just about one mile south of the 30th parallel north. The country may be divided, thanks to its various mountain chains, in three distinct zones: the Arănngallaq plain, along the Vălțẹšp river, which lies in the central-northern part of the country and is its most densely populated part; the long but narrow western coast; and the central highlands, which are river basins that ultimately all drain into the western coast through two major rivers - the Qasivănnẹq in the central part and the Ọrăisărpiq in the far south<ref>The final stretch of the Ọrăisărpiq river (in Chl. ''Årayīsarpīka ga maita''), after the canyons, also marks a small section of the border between Qualdomailor and the Chlouvānem Inquisition.</ref> - that cut through the mountains in impressive canyon systems.<br/>The two largest cities, Cănțe Inarviut ("City of the East", the capital), and Arvallivăt ("Red Castle"), lie in the Arănngallaq plain. | ||
Qualdomailor, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlti]]. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Qualdomelics, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Qualdomelic, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. Qualdomelic is the only nationwide official language - [[Chlouvānem]] is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Qualdomelics due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people. | Qualdomailor, today, is a linguistically and religiously homogeneous country, with 96% of its inhabitants being religiously [[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlti]]. Historically predominantly inhabited by the Qualdomelics, in the half century since the Kaiṣamā era there has been a steady influx of Chlouvānem people, so that 81.5% of its population is Qualdomelic, 17% Chlouvānem, and the remaining 1.5% of other ethnic backgrounds. Qualdomelic is the only nationwide official language - [[Chlouvānem]] is only official in the four southern regions, but it is widely spoken as a L2 also by native Qualdomelics due to its status as lingua franca of the Eastern bloc and sacred language of the Yunyalīlta. At the last census in 6418 (six years ago), the population amounted to 39,838,427 people; according to more recent estimates, it has grown to slightly more than 40 million people. | ||
[[File:Qualdomailor.png|thumb|Map of Qualdomailor]] | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Qualdomailor is written in its own, alphabetic script (called ''ta Whaldewmẹlje sa šowsẹ''), which is a derivative of an older form of the [[Skyrdagor|Skyrdegan script]], a script it retains a large degree of mutual intelligibility with, despite a few differences through further simplifications the Skyrdegan script underwent and a different printing and typesetting style (the Qualdomelic script is characterized by more curved lines). | |||
Qualdomelic orthography is morphophonemic and, to some extent, etymological. In the following table, only the most common, non-mutated spelling for each phoneme is given. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
{| class="wikitable | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial !! Labiodental !! Dentoalveolar !! Alveolopalatal !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Nasals | ||
| | | '''m''' m || || '''n''' n || || || || '''ng''' ŋ || || | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Plosives | ||
| | | '''p''' p<br/>'''b''' b || || '''t''' t<br/>'''d''' d || || || || '''c''' k<br/>'''g''' g || '''q''' q || | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Affricates | ||
| | | || || '''ț''' ts<br/>'''x''' dz || || || || || || | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Fricatives | ||
| | | || '''f''' f<br/>'''v''' v || '''s''' s<br/>'''z''' z || '''š''' ʃ<br/>'''ž''' ʒ || || || '''ch''' x<br/>'''γ''' ɣ || || '''h''' h | ||
| | |- | ||
| l | ! Approximants | ||
| | | || || '''r''' r <br/>'''l''' l || || '''ṛ''' ɽ || '''lj''' ʎ || || || | ||
| | |- | ||
| | ! Semivowels | ||
| | | || || || || || '''j''' j || '''w''' w || || | ||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
Notable instances of allophony: | |||
* {{IPA|/r/}} is {{IPA|[ɾ]}} after consonants (e.g. ''γrămaț'' "language" {{IPA|[ɣɾəˈmats]}}); | |||
* {{IPA|/l/}} is {{IPA|[ɫ]}} before consonants (e.g. ''mălpa'' "room" {{IPA|[ˈməɫpa]}}) and geminate {{IPA|/ll/}} is {{IPA|[ɬː]}} (e.g. ''Arvallivăt'' {{IPA|[arˈvaɬːivət]}}). | |||
Note that the Chlouvānem phoneme /ɴ̆/ '''l''' is typically adapted in Qualdomelic as /q/ word-initially and as /ŋ/ otherwise; however, in many Yunyalīlti religious words it is adapted as /l/. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
{| class="wikitable | |- | ||
! !! Front !! Central !! Back | |||
! | |- | ||
! High | |||
! | | '''i''' i || || '''u''' u | ||
|- | |- | ||
!High | ! High-mid | ||
| | | '''e''' e || '''ă''' ə || '''o''' o | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Low-mid | ||
| | | '''ẹ''' ɛ || || '''ọ''' ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| || a | | || '''a''' a || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Diphthongs are typically categorized depending on their first element: | |||
* a-: /aɪ̯ aʊ̯/ '''aj aw''' | |||
* ɛ-: /ɛɪ̯ ɛʊ̯ ɛə̯/ '''ej ew eă''' | |||
* ɔ-: /ɔɪ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɔə̯/ '''oj ow oă''' | |||
* ə-: /əɪ̯ əʊ̯/ '''ăj ăw''' | |||
* i-: /iə̯/ '''iă''' | |||
* u-: /uə̯/ '''uă''' | |||
Hiatuses are usually permitted - see e.g. ''căiši'' "<small>N/M.PL/F.PL</small> of" {{IPA|/kəˈiʃi/}}, ''nănngiup'' "passage" {{IPA|/nəŋːiˈup/}}. | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
====Stress==== | ====Stress==== | ||
Stress is | Stress is phonemic and unmarked in the orthography. The most common position is on the penultimate (e.g. ''vẹfnăro'' "sleep" {{IPA|/vɛʊ̯ˈnəro/}}; ''cwalăš'' "apple" {{IPA|/ˈkwaləʃ/}}), but words ending in stops or affricates are usually stressed on the last syllable (e.g. ''γrămaț'' "language" {{IPA|/ɣrəˈmats/}}, ''ivulit'' "sea" {{IPA|/ivuˈlit/}}). | ||
Compound stress is usually on the last element, but if the last element is stressed on the first syllable and the preceding element is stressed on the last, then the last syllable of the penultimate element is stressed - as in the toponym ''Arvallivăt'' {{IPA|/arˈvallivət/}} from ''arvan'' {{IPA|/arˈvan/}} "red" and ''livăt'' {{IPA|/ˈlivət/}} "castle" (the latter among the few common words ending in a stop which are not stressed on the last syllable). | |||
====Intonation==== | ====Intonation==== | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Morphophonology=== | |||
There are two mutations (''căṛăwhăro'' /kəɽəˈfəro/) that influence the initial consonant, or the initial absence of a consonant, of a Qualdomelic word in the same noun phrase when after certain other words: the softening mutation (''iă njențejbu niă găṛăwhăro'') and the hardening mutation (''iă nuzwhăbjoăbu niă găṛăwhăro''). | |||
The softening mutation has the following effects: | |||
* p t k q → f s ch γ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=" | * b d g → v z γ | ||
* s z → h | |||
* f → ∅ (orth. ''fh'') | |||
* v cw → w (orth. ''wh'')<ref>Mutated '''wh''' represents /w/, but the same digraph represents /f/ when occurring in roots, e.g. in ''whădoț'' [fəˈdots] "to see".</ref> | |||
* h → ăh- | |||
* ț x → s z | |||
* (in internal saṃdhi only) C-V → CːV | |||
The hardening mutation has the following effects: | |||
* p t k → b d g | |||
* ț → x | |||
* b d g → mm nn nng | |||
* s z → z ṛ (the latter orth. ''ṛz'') | |||
* f → pf (if orth. ''wh'' → ''phw'') | |||
* v → nwh /ŋw/ | |||
* h → q (orth. ''qh'') | |||
* j → nj | |||
* initial vowel → n- | |||
Words that trigger the softening mutation are marked by a following '''ʰ''' (e.g. the feminine singular definite article ''taʰ''), while those that trigger the hardening one are marked by a following ''ⁿ'' (e.g. the neuter singular definite article ''iăⁿ''). As "mutation" - ''căṛăwhăro'' is a neuter noun, in the names of both mutations we may clearly see how e.g. underlying ''iăⁿ uzwhăbjoăb-uⁿ iăⁿ căṛăwhăro'' becomes ''iă nuzwhăbjoăbu niă găṛăwhăro''. | |||
For the internal saṃdhi softening mutation Cʰ-V → CːV, a good example is the word ''năaqappartut'' "republic", composed of ''nă-aqapʰ-artut'' (literally "large decision organization"). | |||
==Morphology== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
Qualdomelic nouns are uninflected, but number is among the information encoded by the article. There are four articles for each noun class: a singular, a plural, a "universal" article (translated with "all" in examples), and a "partitive" article (translated with "some" in examples). Their forms (and triggered mutations) vary: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="textalign:center" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Class !! Singular !! Plural !! Universal !! Partitive | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Masculine | ||
| | | toj || tăjț || toc || ăso | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Feminine | ||
| | | taʰ || tajγ || tănc || ăšiʰ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Neuter | ||
| | | iăⁿ || ing || irăⁿ || ăjuⁿ | ||
|} | |||
Examples: | |||
: ''luăchwhjen'' /lu(ə̯)jen/ "book, a book" – ''toj luăchwhjen'' "the book" – ''tăjț luăchwhjen'' "the books" – ''toc luăchwhjen'' "all the books" – ''ăso luăchwhjen'' "some books" | |||
: ''biăm'' /biə̯m/ "tree, a tree" – ''ta viăm'' "the tree" – ''tajγ biăm'' "the trees" – ''tănc biăm'' "all the trees" – ''ăši viăm'' "some trees" | |||
: ''fendur'' /ˈfendur/ "day, a day" – ''iă pfendur'' "the day" – ''ing fendur'' "the days" – ''iră pfendur'' "all the days" – ''ăju pfendur'' "some days" | |||
Note that articles are repeated before all elements in a noun phrase, e.g. ''ta whalăš ta arvan'' "the red apple", ''toc tiăda toc țigulic'' "all the calm mornings". | |||
====Possession==== | |||
Possessed nouns are marked by a following postposition which varies according to the gender and number of the possessed noun. The masculine singular form is '''căd''', the feminine singular one is '''ceda''', while the one used for neuters and all plurals is '''căiši'''. This does not apply when the possessor is coincident with a third person pronoun, in which case there is a special suffix to use (see table below). | |||
Some nouns, on the other hand, have a completely different possessed form and never use the possessive particle. The most common examples are '''camiuq''' "son" and '''camẹnă''' "daughter", which have the possessed forms ''jamwhaʰ'' "son of..." and ''jamhniʰ'' "daughter of...". | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Pronominal possessive suffixes | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Person/number !! Suffix !! Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 1SG | ||
| | | -ur || ''dẹljur'' "my house" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2SG | ||
| | | -ed || ''ronuqed'' "your sword" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 3SG | ||
| | | -(j)e || ''fẹctăse'' "his/her window" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 1PL incl. | ||
| | | -uăre || ''γăljẹuăre'' "our cat" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 1PL excl. | ||
| | | -erel || ''whejnraerel'' "our city" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 2PL | ||
| | | -ăjde || ''luăchwhjenăjde'' "your book" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 3PL | ||
| -ăjm || ''mălpaăjm'' "their room" | |||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
<!-- ===Noun classes=== | |||
===Noun classes=== | |||
Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects. | Nouns in Kalurilut belong to up to 6 (or 12, counting plural ones as distinct) noun classes, mostly allocated semantically. Each class is distinguished by a prefix used for nouns, adjectives, and some prepositions, another one used for subjects of verbs, and a further one used for verbal direct objects. | ||
| Line 349: | Line 357: | ||
! 3rd (masc. & fem.) | ! 3rd (masc. & fem.) | ||
| rallaam || ralli || raa- || rallusu || ruut- || ～ralinngit | | rallaam || ralli || raa- || rallusu || ruut- || ～ralinngit | ||
|} --> | |||
===Numerals=== | |||
Modern Qualdomelic has a duodecimal number system because of [[Chlouvānem]] influence, which completely replaced the earlier, decimal one: only the roots from 1 to Ɛ, optionally 10<sub>12</sub>, and the old number 100<sub>10</sub> (''qọlbră'', which nowadays is not a numeral anymore, but simply a noun meaning "a lot of", "a large quantity") survive. However, most numerals are hybrids of native roots (for the units) and Chlouvānem ones (for the dozens and other powers of 12). | |||
As for types of numerals distinguished, Qualdomelic has cardinals, ordinals (analytic from Ɛ on; they double as fractionaries, with only ½ having a separate root), and distributives (analytic, formed by reduplication). Numbers from 1 to 5 also have adverbial numerals (once, twice, three times...). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Digit<sub>12</sub> !! <small>Base 10</small> !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Distributive !! Adverbial | |||
|- | |||
! 0 | |||
| 0 || '''axar''' || <small>''(săga axar)''</small> || <small>''(axar axar)''</small> || — | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| 1 || '''sọr''' || samăt || sọssọr || saruman | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| 2 || '''nad'''|| năjen<br/>(½: ''bănic'') || nannad || nămman | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| 3 || '''călẹt''' || călẹtupsi || călẹcălẹt || călẹmman | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| 4 || '''iwhăs''' || iwhățupsi || iwhăssăs || iwhățan | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| 5 || '''but''' || burupsi || but but || burnan | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| 6 || '''tọja''' || tojcupsi || tọja tọja || rowspan=10 | — | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| 7 || '''seț''' || sițecupsi || seț seț | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| 8 || '''naz''' <small>-eⁿ</small> || nazenupsi || naze nnaz | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| 9 || '''kow''' || kubrupsi || kow kow | |||
|- | |||
! ᘔ | |||
| 10 || '''urăn''' <small>ʰ</small> || urănupsi || urăn urăn | |||
|- | |||
! Ɛ | |||
| 11 || '''urănțọr'''<br/><small>(''vẹngdeng'')</small> || săga urănțọr || urănțọr urănțọr | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| 12 || '''mamej'''<br/><small>(''urănad'')</small> || săga mamej || mamej mamej | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| 13 || '''sọr-u-mamej''' || săga sọr-u-mamej || sọssọr-u-mamej | |||
|- | |||
! 12 | |||
| 14 || '''nad-u-mamej''' || săga nad-u-mamej || nannad-u-mamej | |||
|- | |||
! 13 | |||
| 15 || '''călẹt-u-mamej''' || săga călẹt-u-mamej || călẹcălẹt-u-mamej | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=6 | ... | |||
|- | |||
! 1Ɛ | |||
| 23 || '''urănțọr-u-mamej''' || săga urănțọr-u-mamej || urănțọr urănțọr-u-mamej || rowspan=2 | — | |||
|- | |||
! 20 | |||
| 24 || '''naxamamej''' || săga naxamamej || naxamamej naxamamej | |||
|} | |} | ||
The roots ''axar'' (< ''ajrā''), ''vẹngdeng'' (< ''vælden''), and ''mamej'' (< ''māmei'') in the table above are of clear Chlouvānem origin. The forms ''urănțọr'' and ''mamej'' are preferred to ''vẹngdeng'' and ''urănad'', but the latter two can still be found sometimes. | |||
The other dozens are: | |||
: '''30''' <small>(36<sub>10</sub>)</small> călẹțemamej | |||
: '''40''' <small>(48<sub>10</sub>)</small> iwhăšamamej | |||
: '''50''' <small>(60<sub>10</sub>)</small> buțemamej | |||
: '''60''' <small>(72<sub>10</sub>)</small> tọjoămamej | |||
: '''70''' <small>(84<sub>10</sub>)</small> sețengmamej | |||
: '''80''' <small>(96<sub>10</sub>)</small> nazengmamej | |||
: '''90''' <small>(108<sub>10</sub>)</small> kọwhamamej | |||
: '''ᘔ0''' <small>(120<sub>10</sub>)</small> urăngmamej | |||
: '''Ɛ0''' <small>(132<sub>10</sub>)</small> vẹngdemamej | |||
: and '''100''' <small>(144<sub>10</sub>)</small> nichẹng. | |||
==Syntax== | Further numbers are simple juxtapositions, written as separate words, e.g. 101<sub>12</sub> ''nichẹng sọr'', 179<sub>12</sub> ''nichẹng kow-u-sețengmamej'', 200<sub>12</sub> ''nad nichẹng'', 8ᘔ5 ''naze nnichẹng but-u-urăngmamej'', etc.<br/> | ||
Higher numbers still follow the Chlouvānem system: 1.000<sub>12</sub> is ''tingda''; 1.00.000<sub>12</sub> is a ''rajț''; 1.00.00.000<sub>12</sub> a ''qangărajț''; 1.00.00.00.000<sub>12</sub> a ''tăjskawț'' (or simply ''nichẹng qangărajț''), and 1.00.00.00.00.000 a ''qangtăjskawț'' (or ''mamej tingda qangărajț''). | |||
<!--==Syntax== | |||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb: | The most standard word order in saKalurilut is SVO, but complements tend to be placed between the subject and the verb: | ||
| Line 363: | Line 452: | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== --> | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
=== | ===Imuniguro-Xenic stock=== | ||
Qualdomelic is one of the main Imuniguro-Xenic languages, that is, those with a high number of Chlouvānem loans with regular sound correspondences (save for, in stress-timed Qualdomelic and [[Kuyugwazian]], sporadic unstressed vowel reduction) and using Chlouvānem roots and words for building new words. This table shows the sound correspondences between Chlouvānem and Imuniguro-Xenic Qualdomelic: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! [[Chlouvānem]] !! Qualdomelic<br/>(early religious loans) !! Qualdomelic<br/>(Imuniguro-Xenic) | |||
|- | |||
! m | |||
| colspan=2 | m | |||
|- | |||
! n, ṇ | |||
| colspan=2 | n | |||
|- | |||
! ñ | |||
| n || nj | |||
|- | |||
! ṃ | |||
| colspan=2 | ng | |||
|- | |||
! p, ph | |||
| colspan=2 | p | |||
|- | |||
! t, th, ṭ, ṭh | |||
| colspan=2 | t | |||
|- | |||
! c, ch | |||
| colspan=2 | ț | |||
|- | |||
! k | |||
| rowspan=2 | c || c | |||
|- | |||
! kh | |||
| ch | |||
|- | |||
! ɂ | |||
| colspan=2 | ∅ | |||
|- | |||
! ƾ | |||
| colspan=2 | q | |||
|- | |||
! b, bh | |||
| colspan=2 | b | |||
|- | |||
! d, dh, ḍ, ḍh | |||
| colspan=2 | d | |||
|- | |||
! j, jh | |||
| colspan=2 | x | |||
|- | |||
! g | |||
| rowspan=2 | g || g | |||
|- | |||
! gh | |||
| γ | |||
|- | |||
! s | |||
| colspan=2 | s<br/>∅ (as part of -Vs direct case endings) | |||
|- | |||
! ṣ, š | |||
| colspan=2 | š | |||
|- | |||
! h | |||
| ch || h (word-initially)<br/>ch<br/>∅ (as part of -Vh direct case endings) | |||
|- | |||
! ħ | |||
| colspan=2 | ch | |||
|- | |||
! v | |||
| colspan=2 | w | |||
|- | |||
! y | |||
| colspan=2 | j | |||
|- | |||
! r | |||
| colspan=2 | r<br/>ṛ (before a retroflex consonant) | |||
|- | |||
! l | |||
| l || q (word-initially)<br/>ng | |||
|- | |||
! i, į, ī | |||
| colspan=2 | i | |||
|- | |||
! u, ų, ū | |||
| colspan=2 | u | |||
|- | |||
! e, ę, ē | |||
| colspan=2 | e<br/>ă (after a long vowel) | |||
|- | |||
! o | |||
| o || rowspan=2 | o | |||
|- | |||
! å | |||
| ọ | |||
|- | |||
! æ, ǣ | |||
| colspan=2 | ẹ | |||
|- | |||
! a, ą, ā | |||
| colspan=2 | a<br/>ă (after a long vowel, and often when connecting two parts of a compound word; word-finally in -ah endings)<br/>∅ (as part of -as endings) | |||
|- | |||
! ai, ąi | |||
| colspan=2 | aj<br/>ăj (before or after a long vowel) | |||
|- | |||
! ei, ęi | |||
| colspan=2 | ej | |||
|- | |||
! oe | |||
| colspan=2 | oă | |||
|- | |||
! au, ąu | |||
| colspan=2 | aw<br/>ăw (before or after a long vowel) | |||
|- | |||
! ṛ, ṝ | |||
| colspan=2 | ră | |||
|} | |||
Note that Chlouvānem short vowels apart from '''a''' usually fall word-finally; note that word-final '''a''' is not reduced to '''ă''' after a long vowel. Some examples of Imuniguro-Xenic vocabulary: | |||
* ''yunyalīlta'' → ''junjălilta'' ([[Verse:Yunyalīlta|Yunyalīlta]]) | |||
* ''lillamurḍhyā'' → ''lilamuṛdjá'' (Lillamurḍhyā) | |||
* ''lārvājuṣa'' → ''larwaxuša'' (Yunyalīlti temple) | |||
* ''līvas'' → ''qiw'' (apartment) | |||
* ''ṣarivāṇa'' → ''šariwana'', rare alt. ''šarăwana'' (State) | |||
* ''haloe'' (name) → ''hangoă'' (signature) | |||
* ''juṃšañāña'' → ''xungšanjanja'' (diocese) | |||
* ''ṣramāṇa'' → ''šăramana'' (province) | |||
* ''maišildāryai'' → ''majšildarjăj'' (exhibition grounds) <small>(pl. tantum in Chl., sing. in Quald.)</small> | |||
* ''kamelšītah'' → ''kamengšită'' (hall) | |||
* ''jānilšeidah'' → ''xaningšejdă'' ([[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Monastic_Orders_and_Legions|legion]]) | |||
* ''dhurvālāṇa'' → ''durwangana'' (police) | |||
* ''pahēšhānī'' → ''pachešchaní'' (Liturgical College) | |||
===Time=== | |||
→ ''See also: [[Chlouvānem/Calendar and time|Chlouvānem calendar]]'' | → ''See also: [[Chlouvānem/Calendar and time|Chlouvānem calendar]]'' | ||
The modern | The modern Qualdomelic calendar, as well as time reckoning, is essentially the same as the Chlouvānem one. | ||
# '' | |||
# '' | The fourteen months (''asenă'') of the year are: | ||
# '' | # ''mangdaparnaj'' (Māltapārṇāvi) | ||
# '' | # ''canămpraț'' (Kanamiprātas) | ||
# '' | # ''pandăngaš'' (Pāṇḍalañši) | ||
# '' | # ''canămmaj'' (Kanamimaila) | ||
# '' | # ''muqqase'' (Murkāsena) | ||
# '' | # ''bušpraț'' (Būṃṣprātas) | ||
# '' | # ''qangjan'' (Lalyāñaiṭa) | ||
# '' | # ''brawsase'' (Brausāsena) | ||
# '' | # ''chejra'' (Mailaheirah) | ||
# '' | # ''ajamja'' (Ñariāyāmyah) | ||
# '' | # ''băjvavăm'' (Bhaivyāvammi) | ||
# '' | # ''ilamjase'' (Īlāmyasena) | ||
# ''hẹngvjase'' (Hælvyāsena) | |||
# ''țamirada'' (Camirādhās) | |||
The main divisions of time are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! English !! Qualdomelic !! Equivalent to !! rough Earthly approximation | |||
|- | |||
! Year | |||
| šlăwhelẹc || 418 Calemerian days || 609.6 Earth days | |||
|- | |||
! Day | |||
| fendur || 28<sub>12</sub> (32<sub>10</sub>) hours || ~35 hours | |||
|- | |||
! Hour | |||
| garăn || 3 naxamamăljo <br/>60<sub>12</sub> (72<sub>10</sub>) răng || ~65 min ~37 sec | |||
|- | |||
! <small>''group of "minutes"''</small> | |||
| naxamamăljo || 20<sub>12</sub> (24<sub>10</sub>) răng || ~21 min ~52 sec | |||
|- | |||
! "Minute" | |||
| răng || ''(base unit)'' || ~54.6805 sec | |||
|- | |||
! "Second" | |||
| namišoă || 1/40<sub>12</sub> (1/48<sub>10</sub>) răng || ~1.8986 sec | |||
|- | |||
! <small>1/12 of a "second"</small> | |||
| (namišoă ceda) săgămamej || 1/10<sub>12</sub> (1/12<sub>10</sub>) namišoă || ~0.1582 sec | |||
|- | |||
! <small>1/144 of a "second"</small> | |||
| (namišoă ceda) săgănichẹng || 1/100<sub>12</sub> (1/144<sub>10</sub>) namišoă || ~0.0131 sec | |||
|- | |||
! <small>1/1728 of a "second"</small> | |||
| (namišoă ceda) săgătingda || 1/1000<sub>12</sub> (1/1728<sub>10</sub>) namišoă || ~1.0987 ms | |||
|} | |||
The whole territory of Qualdomailor lies in time zone LIL−3 (<small>AKA</small> Qualdomelic Time), that is, three hours behind the reference meridian of Līlasuṃghāṇa, capital of the Inquisition. In the Cerian/Western standard, this time zone is noted as CER+9:53′40″<sub>10</sub> - about 9¾ hours ahead of the Western reference meridian of Mánébodin, capital of Ceria. | |||
===Festivities=== | <!-- ===Festivities=== | ||
→ ''See also: [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]]'' | → ''See also: [[Verse:Chlouvānem_Inquisition#Holidays|Chlouvānem Inquisition § Holidays]]'' | ||