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Ris: Difference between revisions
→Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases
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====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases==== | ====Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases==== | ||
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]] | [[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]] | ||
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs | Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects. | ||
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying. | An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss/indexable | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Ekras{{blue|a}} makhina. | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ɛˈkraːsa ˈmaːkʰɪna/ | ||
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue| | |morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|a}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_crash-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG car.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG | ||
|translation = The car crashed. | |translation = The car crashed. | ||
}} | |index = 5.28 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Aner tsanist{{blue|a}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /aˈneːr ˈtsaːnɪsta/ | ||
|IPA = / | |morphemes = aner-{{blue|∅}} psan-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|morphemes = | |gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG to_cry-IND.IPFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3SG | ||
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG | |||
|translation = Mother cries. | |translation = Mother cries. | ||
}} | |index = 5.29 | ||
}}{{Gloss/indexable | |||
{{Gloss | |phrase = Nta{{blue|os}}. | ||
|phrase = | |IPA = /ˈntaːos/ | ||
|IPA = / | |||
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | |morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_sleep-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG | ||
|translation = I am trying to sleep. | |translation = I am trying to sleep. | ||
|index = 5.30 | |||
}} | }} | ||
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying. | Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Khamista! | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /ˈkʰaːmɪsta/ | ||
|morphemes = | |morphemes = kham-ist-{{blue|a}} | ||
|gloss = | |gloss = to_come-IND.IPFV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3SG | ||
|translation = | |translation = It's coming! | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | |translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'') | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]]. | ||