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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Hrasic.png
|image = Ris.png
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = Messan
|name = Ris
|nativename = Messa ranzi
|nativename = Rhánzi ris
|pronunciation= /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/
|pronunciation= /ˈ/
|region = [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]]
|region = [[w:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]]
|states = [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[w:Russia|Russia]]; [[w:Republic of Dagestan|Republic of Dagestan]]
|states = [[w:Italy|Italy]], [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]]; [[w:Sicily|Sicily]]
|speakers = 301,486
|speakers = 301,486
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
Line 17: Line 17:
|family=Menmer languages
|family=Menmer languages
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|ancestor=Proto-Men
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Greek script|Greek]]
|agency=Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
|agency=
|iso1=hr
|iso1=ri
|iso2=hr
|iso2=ri
|iso3=qhr
|iso3=qhr
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
'''Mansa ranzi''', ''Μάνσα ράνζη'' //, '''Mensa''' or '''Messa''' // is a language spoken in the [[w:Eastern Caucasus|Eastern Caucasus]], by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of [[w:Dagestan|Dagestan]] in [[w:Russia|Russia]], as well as the area around [[w:Baku|Baku]] in [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]]. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.
'''Ris''' is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine, lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics, and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the [[w:Greek language|Greek language]]; my greatest influence no matter the language.


The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
The language is a [[w:language isolate|language isolate]], and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of [[w:allophony|allophony]]. It is a [[w:fusional|fusional]] language and is morphosyntactically [[w:active-stative|active-stative]] and with a fluid subject. The [[w:morphology|morphology]] is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
==Background==
==Background==
The '''Messa''' language, or '''Messan''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
The '''Ris''' language is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasú consonants'''
|+'''Hrasú consonants'''
|-
|-
Line 251: Line 251:




{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Plain
! Plain
Line 436: Line 436:
There are 10 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the [[w:open mid-back unrounded vowel|open mid-back unrounded vowel]], /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.
There are 10 [[w:vowel|vowel]] phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the [[w:open mid-back unrounded vowel|open mid-back unrounded vowel]], /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.


{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasú vowels'''
|+'''Hrasú vowels'''
|-
|-
Line 542: Line 542:
|}
|}


====Vowel allophony====
=====Open mid-back vowel=====
The [[w:open mid-back unrounded vowel|open mid-back unrounded vowel]], /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/ when it precedes the [[w:close back unrounded vowel|close back unrounded vowel]], /ɯ/, or the [[w:open mid-back rounded vowel|open mid-back rounded vowel]], /ɔ/.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="4"|'''g{{blue|a}}huo'''
| colspan="3"|'''hr{{blue|a}}sú'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| /ˈg{{blue|ɑ}}wɔ/
! →
|/ˈg{{blue|ʌ}}wɔ/
!
|/ˈhr{{blue|ɑ}}sɯ/
! →
|/ˈχr{{blue|ʌ}}sɯ/
|-
<!-- Translation -->
| colspan="4"| ''bush''
| colspan="3"| ''pride''
|}
The allophony of the open mid-back vowel is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.
===Morphophonology===
====Metaphony====
Hrasic has a system of [[w:metaphony|regressive metaphony]] similar to the [[w:Umlaut|I- and U-mutation]] in the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is a kind of [[w:vowel harmony|vowel harmony]], rather than mutation.
It is a long distance metaphony which affects the preceding vowels in a whole word.
{| cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 110%;"
! <small><span style="line-height: 1.2em;">pre-assimilation</span></small>
| &nbsp;
! <small><span style="line-height: 1.2em;">post-assimilation</span></small>
|
|-
| C<span style="color:#008000">''V<sub>b</sub>''</span>C<span style="color:#008000">''V<sub>b</sub>''</span>C<span style="color:#800000">'''V<sub>a</sub>'''</span>
| '''→'''
| C<span style="color:#800000">''V<sub>a</sub>''</span>C<span style="color:#800000">''V<sub>a</sub>''</span>C<span style="color:#800000">'''V<sub>a</sub>'''</span>
| &nbsp;&nbsp;<small>(<span style="color:#800000">V<sub>a</sub></span> = type-a vowel, <span style="color:#008000">V<sub>b</sub></span> = type-b vowel, C = consonant)</small>
|}
In the diagram above, the <span style="color:#800000">V<sub>a</sub></span> (type-a vowel) causes the preceding <span style="color:#008000">V<sub>b</sub></span> (type-b vowel) to assimilate and become the same type of vowel (and thus they become, metaphorically, "in harmony").
In Hrasic, these types of vowels are defined by their [[w:front vowels|frontness]]. There are three different types; '''ming''', '''rán''' and '''bhún''', where the '''rán''' vowel is neutral and can appear with both front and back vowels.
*'''ming''' - ''narrow'', meaning [[w:front vowel|front vowel]].
*'''rán''' - ''perfect'', signifying the mid-central /ə/, the [[w:schwa|schwa]].
*'''bhún''' - ''broad'' vowels are [[w:back vowels|back vowels]].
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="text-align:center; width: 250px;"
|-
! Front !! Neutral !! Back
|-
|  '''i''' /ɪ/ || rowspan="5"| '''e''' /ə/ || '''í''' /ɨ/
|-
| '''á''' /æ/ || '''a''' /ɑ/
|-
| '''u''' /ʊ/ ||  '''ú''' /ɯ/
|-
| '''ó''' /ɞ/ || '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
| '''é''' /i/  ||
|}
As it happens, '''ming-mutation''', or front mutation, is much more common than the '''bhún-mutation'''. Please note that the orthography is highly arbitrary, and the [[w:accent mark|accent mark]]s do not reflect frontness.
==Grammar==
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Nominal===
===Nominal===
====Number====
====Declension===
Hrasú has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Hrasic numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
 
The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Hrasú, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.
 
=====Singulative=====
The [[w:singulative|singulative]] ({{sc|sg}}) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of [[w:singular|singular]]. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.
 
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''Tingi-thau yáni?'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''Ángi hínga-yi?'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''Thún rápi.'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/tɪŋgɪ t̺ʰaʊ ʝænɪ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/æŋgɪ hɨŋga ʝɪ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/t̺ʰʊn ræpɪ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
 
|-
<!-- Translations -->
 
| colspan="2"| ''Do you see a corpse?''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
 
=====Dual-collective=====
The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.
 
=====Plurative=====
The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.
 
====Gender====
There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Hrasic language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.
 
In the 3 person singular personal pronouns, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender.
 
====Case====
There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Hrasú. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].
 
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Hrasic cases'''
! colspan="6"|Cases and usage
|-
! colspan="2"|Case
! colspan="2"|Usage
! colspan="2"|Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative
| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.
|-
| colspan="2"|Subject of a transitive verb; with a patient.
| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative
| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.
| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates a duration of time.
| colspan="2"|I did it '''for many years'''
|-
| colspan="2"|In indirect statements.
| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|To mark location.
| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative
| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.
| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus finalis; dative of purpose.
| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus commodi; dative of benefit or malefic.
| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus lativus; dative of movement.
| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.
| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.
| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.
|-
| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.
| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.
| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.
| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.
| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive
| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership
| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition
| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member
|-
| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking
| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.
| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns
| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns
| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.
| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Indicates cause
| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause
| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Semblative
| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.
| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.
| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative
| colspan="2"|Direct address.
| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!
|-
| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.
| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.
|-
| colspan="2"|Exclamation.
| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!
|-
|}
 
====Classes====
There are a multitude of declensional classes in the Hrasic languages, below are the four most common ones. These decline with either a marked dual-collective or a marked singulative number.
 
=====Animate unmarked collective=====
In the animate gender ({{sc|an}}), most of the times the collective goes unmarked. Nouns in this class are called "animate unmarked collectives" ({{sc|unm.an}}).
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''gúra'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''gur'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''gúran'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈgʊr/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈgɯrɑn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-a</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>gur</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
 
!
 
|pig.{{sc|unm.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl.}}
 
|-
<!-- Translations -->
 
| colspan="2"| ''A pig''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs (''as a race'')<br> Pigs (''as a group'')<br> Two pigs''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Pigs; several''
|}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''nara'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Animate unmarked collective
|-
!{{sc|unm.an}}
! colspan="3"|''nara'' - lord
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''nara'' ||''nár'' ||''naran''
|-
! Accusative
|''naram'' ||''nárim'' ||''narama''
|-
! Dative
|''náriy'' ||''nári'' ||''náriyin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''náriyin'' ||''nárin'' ||''náriyin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ínara'' ||''náru'' ||''ínaran''
|-
! Semblative
|''nayar'' ||''náyir'' ||''nayaran''
|-
! Vocative
|''anar'' ||''inár'' ||''naran''
|}
{{Col-end}}
 
=====Animate marked collective=====
Not all animates have a marked singulative, however. The second class of animate nouns ({{sc|ma.an}}) has a marked collective instead.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''tiánu'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''etiánu'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''tiánun'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/əˈtɪænʊ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈtɪænʊn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
 
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>e-</small>
|<small>tiánu</small>
 
!
 
|<small>tiánu</small>
|<small>-n</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
 
!
 
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
 
!
 
|man.{{sc|ma.an}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
 
|-
<!-- Translations -->
 
| colspan="2"| ''A man''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Man (''humanity'')<br> Men (''as a group'')<br> Two men''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|''Men; several''
|}
 
{{Col-2}}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''gýtē'''''
|+'''Declension of ''gýtē'''''
Line 1,043: Line 578:
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{Col-end}}
=====Inanimate unmarked collective=====
The first class of inanimates  ({{sc|unm.inan}}) has an unmarked collective. Nouns in this class are often [[w:collective nouns|collective nouns]].
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''hara'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''hár'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''haran'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑ/
!
| colspan="2"|/ˈhær/
!
| colspan="2"|/ˈhɑrɑn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-a</small>
!
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
!
|<small>hár</small>
|<small>-an</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
!
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.dc.}}
!
|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"| ''A grain of wheat''
!
| colspan="2"|''Wheat (''as a cereal'')<br> Two grains of wheat''
!
| colspan="2"|''Several grains of wheat''
|}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''pana'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate unmarked collective
|-
!{{sc|unm.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''pana'' - foot
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''pana'' ||''pán'' ||''panan''
|-
! Accusative
|''panam'' ||''pánim'' ||''panama''
|-
! Dative
|''pániy'' ||''páni'' ||''pániyin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''pániyin'' ||''pánin'' ||''pániyin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ípana'' ||''pánu'' ||''ípanan''
|-
! Semblative
|''panar'' ||''pánir'' ||''pánánir''
|-
! Vocative
|''apan'' ||''ipán'' ||''panan''
|}
{{Col-end}}
=====Inanimate marked collective=====
Amongst the second class of inanimate nouns ({{sc|ma.inan}}), the singulative most often goes unmarked, just like the second class of animates.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"|'''chac'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''achac'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''chacú'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚/
!
| colspan="2"|/ɑˈkʰɑk̚/
!
| colspan="2"|/ˈkʰɑk̚ɯ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>{{blue|-∅}}</small>
!
|<small>a-</small>
|<small>chac</small>
!
|<small>chac</small>
|<small>-ú</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.sg.}}
!
| {{sc|nom.dc.}}-
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
!
|box.{{sc|ma.inan}}
| -{{sc|nom.pl}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"| ''A box''
!
| colspan="2"|''Boxes (''as a group'')<br> Two boxes''
!
| colspan="2"|''Boxes; several''
|}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Declension of ''hrasú'''''
|-
! colspan="4"|Inanimate marked collective
|-
!{{sc|ma.inan}}
! colspan="3"|''hrasú'' - pride
|-
!
! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dualcollective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>
|-
! Nominative
|''hrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''hrasún''
|-
! Accusative
|''hrasúm'' ||''ahrasúm'' ||''hrasúm''
|-
! Dative
|''hrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''hrásin''
|-
! Instrumental
|''hrásin'' ||''ehrásin'' ||''hrásin''
|-
! Genitive
|''ihrási'' ||''ehrási'' ||''ihrásin''
|-
! Semblative
|''hrasúr'' ||''ahrasúr'' ||''hrasúnir''
|-
! Vocative
|''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasú'' ||''ahrasún''
|}
{{Col-end}}
===Pronominal===
The Hrasic system of pronouns is vast and irregular, but easily understood. It is split into four parts: The singular, plural, dual, and reflexive. The dual has lost some popularity lately, but it is still used.
*The reflexives are equivalent to English "myself, himself, itself" et cetera. The nominative reflexive on the other hand is an impersonal subject like English "one, they" or "you".
====Formality register====
====Singular====
====Plural====
====Dual====
====Reflexive====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 800px; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2"|Number→
! colspan="6" scope="col"|Singular
! colspan="4" scope="col"|Plural
! rowspan="3" scope="col"|Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2"|Person→
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|1<sup>st</sup>
!scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
!scope="col" colspan="3" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width: 150px;"|1<sup>st</sup>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|2<sup>nd</sup>
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width: 150px; "|3<sup>rd</sup>
|-
!Case ↓
!Register↓
!<small>Animate</small>
!<small>Inanimate</small>
!<small>Animate masculine</small>
!<small>Animate feminine</small>
!<small>Inanimate</small>
!<small>Exclusive</small>
!<small>Inclusive</small>
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Nominative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''ác''
|''tou''
|''ta''
|''guo''
|''gá''
|''gi''
|''muo''
|''yeu''
|''sóm''
| rowspan="2"|''gán''
| rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eu''
|''thau''
|''tha''
|colspan="3"|''hám''
|''eun''
|''yám''
|''than''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Accusative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''me''
|''tum''
|''tam''
|''gum''
|''gám''
|''gin''
|''muon''
|''áyim''
|''tám''
| rowspan="2"|''hám''
| rowspan="2"|''ngám''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eumi''
|''thaun''
|''thumá''
|colspan="3"|''gihám''
|''eun''
|''yeumi''
|''thaun''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Dative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''áci''
|colspan="2"|''tei''
|colspan="2"|''gei''
|''gi''
|''moi''
|''yi''
|''sói''
|''gái''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ángi''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eumi''
|''thaun''
|''thumá''
|colspan="3"|''gihám''
|''eun''
|''yeumi''
|''thaun''
|''hám''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Instrumental
!<small>Informal</small>
|''min''
|''toun''
|''tin''
|''guon''
|''gán''
|''gin''
|''muon''
|''yan''
|''sómin''
|''ginin''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngán''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eun''
|''thaun''
|''than''
|colspan="3"|''gihin''
|''nin''
|''yeun''
|''thán''
|''hámin''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Genitive
!<small>Informal</small>
|''áci''
|colspan="2"|''ti''
|''íguo''
|''igá''
|''gi''
|''mi''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''yáni''
|''sómi''
|rowspan="2"|''gáni''
|rowspan="2"|''ngáni''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''máni''
|''tuni''
|''táni''
|colspan="3"|''gáni''
|''móni''
|''tháni''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Semblative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''ar''
|''tur''
|''tar''
|''guri''
|''gári''
|''giri''
|''muri''
|''yári''
|''sómir''
|''gánir''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''ngánir''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''eur''
|colspan="2"|''tháci''
|''hómir''
|''hámir''
|''gimir''
|''eunir''
|''yeuri''
|''thánir''
|''gánir''
|-
! rowspan="2"|Vocative
!<small>Informal</small>
|''áhac''
|''atuo''
|''ata''
|''aguo''
|''aga''
|''ági''
|''amuo''
|''áyim''
|''ásóme''
|''ágáne''
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|''áng''
|-
!<small>Formal</small>
|''heu''
|''ehtau''
|''ehta''
|''heguo''
|''hegá''
|''hegi''
|''heun''
|''heu''
|''ehtan''
|''hegán''
|}
===Verbal===
The Hrasic verbal morphology is restricted, yet extensive. Simple, but versatile. Verbs do not conjugate according to [[w:grammatical person|person]], [[w:grammatical number|number]] or [[w:grammatical tense|tense]]. However, there are a number of [[w:grammatical aspect|grammatical aspect]]s, [[w:grammatical mood|moods]] and [[w:evidentiality|evidentials]].
The conjugation is split into three parts - the [[w:active voice|active]], [[w:passive voice|passive]], and the [[w:reciprocal|reciprocal]] conjugations.
====Active====
The active conjugation inflects verbs according to the active grammatical voice. Active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:grammatical subject|subject]] expresses the [[w:grammatical agent|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Active
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-n''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-at''
| rowspan="2"|''-nga''
|-
!Inceptive
|''ha-''
|''há-ngi''
|''ha-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''nge-''
|''ngi-''
|''-ngat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ngas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-shi''
| ''-ngzi''
| ''-it''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nguo''
| ''-ngi''
| ''-nguat''
| ''-nguas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
====Passive====
The passive is a conjugation in the passive voice. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or [[w:patient (grammar)|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed.
{| class="browntable lightbrownbg" style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+
|-
! colspan="9"|Passive
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Aspect
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Mood
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |Indicative
! style="text-align: center;" |Subjunctive
! style="text-align: center;" |Jussive
! style="text-align: center;" |Imperative
|- align="center"
!Perfective
| ''-nda /- ndi''
| ''-ndar'' /-''ndir''
| ''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"|''-nda''
|-
!Inceptive
|''hua-''
|''huá-ndir''
|''hua-at''
|-
!Cessative
|''ye-''
|''yua-''
|''-ndat''
| rowspan="2"| ''-ndas''
|-
!Causative
| ''-iy''
| ''-nthi''
| ''-ndit''
|-
!Imperfective
| ''-nduo''
| ''-iy''
| ''-mbat''
| ''-mbas''
|-
!Iterative
| colspan="4"|''Reduplication''
|}
====Reciprocal====
The reciprocal conjugation and voice marks subjects and objects in [[wikt:reciprocity|reciprocity]]. In the reciprocal construction, each of the participants occupies both the role of agent and patient with respect to each other.
The reciprocal conjugation is technically merely an infix. It is formed by infixing ''-ya-'' before the active conjugational ending.
==Sample phrases==
*''Thún sóm hyó-ác?''
*''Thún ác gyáng-sóm téngi!''
*''Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.''

Revision as of 22:17, 15 June 2013

πρανάσση, άι στραθά πανἂννη!
pranássē, ai strathá panā́nnē!
Remember: You walk with your feet!


Ris
Rhánzi ris
Ris.png
Pronunciation[/ˈ/]
Created by–
Native toItaly, Cyprus; Sicily
Native speakers301,486 (2012)
Menmer languages
  • Ris
Early form
Proto-Men
Language codes
ISO 639-1ri
ISO 639-2ri
ISO 639-3qhr
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine, lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics, and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the Greek language; my greatest influence no matter the language.

The language is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically active-stative and with a fluid subject. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.

Background

The Ris language is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world.

Phonology

Consonants

The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.

Hrasú consonants
Consonants
Bilabial Denti-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
apical laminal
Nasals plain m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosives aspirated bh /pʰ/ th /t̺ʰ/ ch /kʰ/
unvoiced p /p/ t /t/ c /k/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
Fricatives unvoiced sh /s̺ʰ/ s /s/ h /ç ~ x ~ h/
voiced z /z/ y /ʝ/
Trills r /r/
Approximants hu /w/
Laterals l /l ~ ɬ/

Consonant allophony

Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.

The glottal fricative

The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.

խլո
hlá
/ˈhɬæ/ = /ˈxɬæ/ = /ˈçɬæ/
good; well

The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation, producing the palatal fricative [ç]. If followed by a rhotic trill /r/, the pronunciation becomes uvular.

խևյ խրասվ
hyó hrasú
/ˈhʝə/ → [ˈçə] /ˈhrɑsɯ/ → /ˈχrʌsɯ/
to leave.subj pride


The uvularisation of the glottal fricative is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //. The palatalisation is not.

Palatalisation

Palatalisation occurs due to many factors:

  • The phonemes /ʝ/ and /ɪ/, the voiced palatal fricative and the near-close near-front vowel, tend to palatalise adjacent consonants internally.
  • Externally, a final voiced velar stop, /g/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.

All post-bilabial consonants are affected, except the rhotic /r/ and the aspirated apical fricative /s̺ʰ/. As such, the allophony is rather extensive:


Plain /n/ /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /l/ /ŋ/ /k/ /g/ /kʰ/ /t̺ʰ / /h/
Palatalised [ɲ] [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ] [ʃ] [ʒ] [ʎ] [ɲ]1 [t͡ʃ] [d͡ʒ] [k] [t] [ç]
  1. Realised as /ŋg/ when non-initial. This grants /ŋg/ → [ɲd͡ʒ].


խրոնի դիան ոդզի; մյղի
hráni tian átzi? móngi
/ˈhrænɪ/ → [ˈχræɲɪ] /ˈtɪɑn/ → [ˈt͡ʃɪan] /ˈætzɪ/ → [ˈætʃɪ] /ˈməŋgɪ/ → [ˈməɲd͡ʒɪ]
spider, hand friend now.int to go.subj.
Voicedness

Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.

hlá gyáng-sóm átzi? méngshi
/ˈçlæ/ → /ˈçɬæ/ /ˈgʝæŋgsəm/ → /ˈgʝæŋgzəm/ /ˈætzɪ/ → /ˈætsɪ/ /ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/ → /ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/
good; well; happy to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf now.int to dance.subj.caus


The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.

Vowels

There are 10 vowel phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the open mid-back unrounded vowel, /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.

Hrasú vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close é /i/ í /ɨ/ ú /ɯ/
Near-close i /ɪ/ u /ʊ/
Close-mid
Mid e /ə/
Open-mid ó /ɞ/ a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/
Near-open á /æ/
Open a /ɑ/

Morphology

Nominal

=Declension

Declension of gýtē
Animate marked collective
ma.an gýtē - fish
singulative dual-collective plurative
Patientive gýtē gytḗn gytḗr
Agentive gytḗr gytḗrne gytḗra
Dative gytḗs gytḗnse gytḗi
Instrumental gytḗn gytḗnne gytḗs
Genitive gýtēa gýtēan gytēái
Locative gýtēia gýtēian gýtēiar
Vocative gýta gýtan gytár
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