Ris: Difference between revisions
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The '''Ris''' language, '''ῤάνζι ρις''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world. | The '''Ris''' language, '''ῤάνζι ρις''', is a [[w:conlang|constructed language]], but does have a fictional background set in the real world. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology and orthography== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The following is the inventory of consonants in the | The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;" | ||
|+''' | |+'''Ris consonants''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="9"|Consonants | ! colspan="9"|Consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | ||
! rowspan="2"| Bilabial | ! rowspan="2"| Bilabial | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"| Denti-alveolar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ! rowspan="2"| Palatal | ||
! rowspan="2"| Velar | ! rowspan="2"| Velar | ||
! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ! rowspan="2"| Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>plain</small> | ||
! <small>whispered</small> | |||
! <small> | |||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
!Nasals | !Nasals | ||
!<small>plain</small> | !<small>plain</small> | ||
|'''m''' /m/ | |'''m''' /m/ | ||
|'''n '''/n/ | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|[ŋ] | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3"|Plosives | ! rowspan="3"|Plosives | ||
!<small>aspirated</small> | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
|'''ph''' /pʰ/ | |||
|''' | |'''th''' /tʰ/ | ||
|'''th''' / | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''kh''' /kʰ/ | |||
| colspan="1" rowspan="3"| [ʔ] | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
|'''p''' /p/ | |'''p''' /p/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |'''t''' /t/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
|'''b''' /b/ | |'''b''' /b/ | ||
|'''d''' /d/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''g''' /g/ | |'''g''' /g/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives | ||
!<small>unvoiced</small> | !<small>unvoiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |'''s''' /s͎/ | ||
|'''s''' / | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/ | | colspan="3" rowspan="1"|'''h''' /ç ~ x ~ h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!<small>voiced</small> | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="1"|'''z''' /d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/ | |||
|[ʝ] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2"|Trills | |||
!<small>aspirated</small> | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|'''r''' /r̥ʰ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>voiced</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''r''' /r/ | |'''r''' /r/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants | ||
|'''ou''' /w/ | |||
|''' | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Laterals | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|'''l''' /l ~ ʎ/ | |||
|'''l''' /l ~ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 190: | Line 137: | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="5"|'''{{blue|ἒ}}τρο''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}} | | colspan="5"|'''{{blue|h}}étro''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| /ˈ{{blue|h}} | | /ˈ{{blue|h}}ɛtrɔ/ | ||
! = | ! = | ||
| /ˈ{{blue|x}} | | /ˈ{{blue|x}}ɛtrɔ/ | ||
! = | ! = | ||
|/ˈ{{blue|ç}} | |/ˈ{{blue|ç}}ɛtrɔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| colspan="5"| '' | | colspan="5"| ''normal, okay'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation, producing the palatal fricative [ç] | The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç]. | ||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="4"|'''{{blue|ὒ}}ο''' | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|ἢ}}στιμι''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="4"|'''{{blue|h}}ýo''' | ||
| colspan="3"|'''{{blue| | | colspan="3"|'''{{blue|h}}ḗstimi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Pronunciation--> | <!-- Pronunciation--> | ||
| /ˈ{{blue| | | /ˈ{{blue|h}}ʏ̩.ɔ/ | ||
! → | ! → | ||
|[ˈ{{blue|ç}} | |[ˈ{{blue|ç}}ʏ̩.ɔ] | ||
! | ! | ||
|/ˈ{{blue| | |/ˈ{{blue|h}}eːs͎tɪmɪ/ | ||
! → | ! → | ||
| | |[ˈ{{blue|ç}}eːs͎tɪmɪ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translation --> | <!-- Translation --> | ||
| colspan="4"| ''to leave | | colspan="4"| ''to leave'' .{{sc|ind.m.}} | ||
| colspan="3"| ''pride'' | | colspan="3"| ''pride'' .{{sc|f}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Palatalisation===== | =====Palatalisation===== |
Revision as of 09:12, 16 June 2013
- πρανάσση, ἄι ουαθά πανἂννη!
- pranássē, hai ouathá panā́nnē!
- Remember: You walk with your feet!
Ris | |
---|---|
Rhánzi ris | |
Pronunciation | [/ˈ/] |
Created by | – |
Native to | Italy, Cyprus; Sicily |
Native speakers | 301,486 (2012) |
Menmer languages
| |
Early form | Proto-Men
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ri |
ISO 639-2 | ri |
ISO 639-3 | qhr |
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the Greek language; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The language is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically active-stative and with a fluid subject. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Background
The Ris language, ῤάνζι ρις, is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Phonology and orthography
Consonants
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
Consonants | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
plain | whispered | |||||||
Nasals | plain | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ŋ] | ||||
Plosives | aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | [ʔ] | |||
unvoiced | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | |||||
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
Fricatives | unvoiced | s /s͎/ | h /ç ~ x ~ h/ | |||||
voiced | z /d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/ | [ʝ] | ||||||
Trills | aspirated | r /r̥ʰ/ | ||||||
voiced | r /r/ | |||||||
Approximants | ou /w/ | |||||||
Laterals | l /l ~ ʎ/ |
Consonant allophony
Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.
The glottal fricative
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
ἒτρο | ||||
hétro | ||||
/ˈhɛtrɔ/ | = | /ˈxɛtrɔ/ | = | /ˈçɛtrɔ/ |
---|---|---|---|---|
normal, okay |
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç].
ὒο | ἢστιμι | |||||
hýo | hḗstimi | |||||
/ˈhʏ̩.ɔ/ | → | [ˈçʏ̩.ɔ] | /ˈheːs͎tɪmɪ/ | → | [ˈçeːs͎tɪmɪ] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
to leave .ind.m. | pride .f |
Palatalisation
Palatalisation occurs due to many factors:
- The phonemes /ʝ/ and /ɪ/, the voiced palatal fricative and the near-close near-front vowel, tend to palatalise adjacent consonants internally.
- Externally, a final voiced velar stop, /g/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.
All post-bilabial consonants are affected, except the rhotic /r/ and the aspirated apical fricative /s̺ʰ/. As such, the allophony is rather extensive:
Plain | /n/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /l/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /g/ | /kʰ/ | /t̺ʰ / | /h/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palatalised | [ɲ] | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [ʎ] | [ɲ]1 | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [k] | [t] | [ç] |
- Realised as /ŋg/ when non-initial. This grants /ŋg/ → [ɲd͡ʒ].
խրոնի | դիան | ոդզի; | մյղի | |||||||||||
hráni | tian | átzi? | móngi | |||||||||||
/ˈhrænɪ/ | → | [ˈχræɲɪ] | /ˈtɪɑn/ | → | [ˈt͡ʃɪan] | /ˈætzɪ/ | → | [ˈætʃɪ] | /ˈməŋgɪ/ | → | [ˈməɲd͡ʒɪ] | |||
spider, hand | friend | now.int | to go.subj. |
Voicedness
Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.
hlá | gyáng-sóm | átzi? | méngshi | |||||||||||
/ˈçlæ/ | → | /ˈçɬæ/ | /ˈgʝæŋgsəm/ | → | /ˈgʝæŋgzəm/ | /ˈætzɪ/ | → | /ˈætsɪ/ | /ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/ | → | /ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/ | |||
good; well; happy | to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf | now.int | to dance.subj.caus |
The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.
Vowels
There are 10 vowel phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the open mid-back unrounded vowel, /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | é /i/ | í /ɨ/ | ú /ɯ/ | ||
Near-close | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | |||
Close-mid | |||||
Mid | e /ə/ | ||||
Open-mid | ó /ɞ/ | a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/ | |||
Near-open | á /æ/ | ||||
Open | a /ɑ/ |
Morphology
Nominal
Declension
Animate marked collective | |||
---|---|---|---|
ma.an | gýtē - fish | ||
singulative | dual-collective | plurative | |
Patientive | gýtē | gytḗn | gytḗr |
Agentive | gytḗr | gytḗrne | gytḗra |
Dative | gytḗs | gytḗnse | gytḗi |
Instrumental | gytḗn | gytḗnne | gytḗs |
Genitive | gýtēa | gýtēan | gytēái |
Locative | gýtēia | gýtēian | gýtēiar |
Vocative | gýta | gýtan | gytár |
Samples
- thýo hā́ katḗrrazas
- tḗ rhánzatha
- gytḗra ouārathí ērikí
- inḗ gýtē mna.
- Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!