Ris: Difference between revisions

====Locative====

=====Locative proper=====

The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Ris locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock".

 

 

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"

<!-- Sentence -->

| colspan="4"|'''Amnayya azim{{blue|at}}'''?

 

!

 

| colspan="5"|'''ʔineyna {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''.

 

 

| colspan="3"|'''{{green|am}}agy{{blue|at}}'''

<!-- Pronunciation-->

| colspan="4"|/aˈŋ͡majːa azˈiŋ͡mat/

 

!

 

| colspan="5"|/ˈʔinɛjna ɛnˈazaŋut/

 

!

 

| colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈjat/

<!-- Morphemes-->

 

 

 

|<small>{{green|en}}-</small>

|<small>azama</small>

|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>

 

 

|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>

<!-- Gloss-->

| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

 

 

| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}

| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-

|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}}

 

 

| hour/{{sc|f.sg}}

| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}

<!-- Translations -->

 

| colspan="4"| ''Are you at home?''

 

!

 

| colspan="5"|''It lies below the house''.

 

!

 

| colspan="3"|''In an hour''

Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹''a''› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/.

 

The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"

<!-- Sentence -->

| colspan="4"|'''Gam {{green|a}} azim{{blue|at}}!'''

 

!

 

| colspan="6"| '''ʔinena {{green|a}} {{green|en}}azam{{blue|ut}}'''.

 

 

| colspan="4"|'''{{green|A}}nn erʔ{{blue|it}}'''.

<!-- Pronunciation-->

| colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ aɦazˈiŋat/

 

!

 

| colspan="6"|/ˈʔinɛna aɦ ɛnˈazaŋut/

 

!

 

| colspan="4"|/anː erˈʔit/

<!-- Morphemes-->

 

|<small>{{blue|-t}}</small>

 

!

 

|<small>-na</small>

|<small>{{green|a}}</small>

|<small>azama</small>

|<small>-{{blue|ut}}</small>

 

!

 

|<small>{{green|a}}-</small>

|<small>-nn</small>

|<small>erʔi</small>

|<small>-{{blue|t}}</small>

<!-- Gloss-->

| home/{{sc|sg.f}}

| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}

 

!

 

| lay/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}}

| -it/{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}

| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}

| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-

|house/{{sc|n.sg}}

| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}

 

 

| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}

| -{{sc|m.pat.1.sg}}

|anger/{{sc|f.sg}}

| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}

<!-- Translations -->

 

| colspan="4"| ''Come home!''

 

 

| colspan="6" |''Put it below the house''.

 

 

| colspan="4"|''I am getting angry''.

 

The third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Ris#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer:

*'''Minulla on talo''' - ''I have a house'' (literally: ''There is a house at me'')

 

This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Ris, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions.

 

| colspan="4"|'''g{{blue|at}} azamayya'''

 

 

| colspan="5"| '''Manim g{{blue|at}} azamayya!'''

<!-- Pronunciation-->

| colspan="4"|/ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/

 

 

| colspan="5"|/ˈŋ͡mønin ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/

<!-- Morphemes-->

 

|<small>g</small>

 

 

<!-- Gloss-->

|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}

| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}

| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}

| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.c.pl}}

|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}

 

 

 

| colspan="5"|''Behold my house!''

|}

| colspan="7"|'''Atnvayya g{{blue|at}} girgemn.'''

| colspan="6"|/ aˈzaŋajːa ˈɡ͡bøt wa taˈtr̥asino/

| colspan="7"|/ atˈŋ͡majːa ˈɡ͡bøt ˈɡirɡemn/

|<small>azama</small>

|<small>-yya</small>

|<small>g</small>

|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>

|<small>atn</small>

|<small>-va</small>

|<small>-yya</small>

|<small>g</small>

|<small>-{{blue|at}}</small>

|<small>girge</small>

|<small>-mn</small>

| home/{{sc|sg.n.pat}}

| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}

| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}

| {{sc|def art.n}}

| green({{sc|n.sg.pat}})

| dog/{{sc|sg.n}}

| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}}

| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}

| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}

| see/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}}

| -you.{{sc|m.pat.2.sg}}

| colspan="6"|''My green house''

| colspan="7"|''My dog barks at you''.

|}

===Verbal===

====Conjugation====

=====Active verbs=====

The active Ris verbs are conjugated as follows. These are the roots of all active verb forms, on which personal suffixes are added.

{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"

! colspan="5" scope="col"|''káter- '' - to write

! scope="col"|

! scope="col"|Indicative

! scope="col"|Subjunctive

!Perfective

|''kátero''

|''katérro''

|''katerévo''

|''káterro''

|''káterto''¹

|''katérratho''

|''kateréutho''²

|''katérratho''

|''hékatro''

|''hékatro''

|''hékatrevo''

|''hékatro''

|''kateráskho''

|''katérraskho''

|''katerépso''

|''katérraskho''

!Causative

|''katerazo''

|''katérrazo''

|''katerépso''

|''katérrazo''

|''kékatro''

|''kékatrevo''

|''hékhatro''

|}

 

#''káteratho'' is an alternative form.

#''katerépto'' is an alternative form.

 

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" scope="col"|

! colspan="3" scope="col"|singular

! colspan="3" scope="col"|dual

! colspan="3" scope="col"|plural

! scope="col"|1st

! scope="col"|2nd

! scope="col"|3rd

! scope="col"|1st

! scope="col"|2nd

! scope="col"|3rd

! scope="col"|1st

! scope="col"|2nd

! scope="col"|3rd

! colspan="11"|Indicative

! rowspan="2"|Subject

|''-o''

|''-ouna''

|''-ia''

|''-asi''

|''-ōn''

|''-īn''

|''-en''

|''-ōne''

|''-īne''

|''-ene''

|''-ounen''

|''-ien''

|''-asīn''

|''-ns''

|''-in''

|''-mou''

|''-tsa''

|''-as''

! colspan="11"|Subjunctive

! rowspan="2"|Subject

|''-an''

|''-ia''

|''-asi''

!Agentive

|''-en''

|''-ēn''

|''-ēn''

|''-ene''

|''-ēne''

|''-asīn''

!Object

!Patientive

|''-mi''

|''-s''

|''-i''

|''-min''

|''-ns''

|''-in''

|''-mou''

|''-tsa''

|''-as''

|}