Ris: Difference between revisions

===Nominal===

====Declension====

:''Main article: [[Ris/Morphology#Nouns|Ris declension]]

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 375px; text-align: center;"

|+'''Declension of ''gýtē'''''

! colspan="4"|Animate marked collective

!{{sc|ma.an}}

! colspan="3"|''gýtē'' - fish

!

! <small>singulative</small> !! <small>dual-collective</small> !! <small>plurative</small>

! Patientive

|''gýtē'' ||''gytḗn'' ||''gytḗr''

! Agentive

|''gytḗr'' ||''gytḗrne'' ||''gytḗra''

! Dative

|''gytḗs'' ||''gytḗnse'' ||''gytḗi''

|''gytḗn'' ||''gytḗnne'' ||''gytḗs''

|''gýtēa'' ||''gýtēan'' ||''gytēái''

|''gýtēia'' ||''gýtēian'' ||''gýtēiar''

|''gýta'' ||''gýtan'' ||''gytár''

====Number====

 

 

=====Singulative=====  

 

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"

|+

<!-- Sentence -->

| colspan="4"|'''thýo trḗ{{blue|ma}}'''

 

!

 

| colspan="4"|'''mnío {{blue|klī́ta}} mna'''

 

!

 

| colspan="5"|'''íntrai páki{{blue|ma}} ḗs?'''

<!-- Pronunciation-->

| colspan="4"|/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/

 

!

 

| colspan="4"|/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/

 

!

 

| colspan="5"|/ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/

<!-- Morphemes-->

 

|<small>thý</small>

|<small>-o</small>

|<small>trḗ</small>

|<small>{{blue|-ma}}</small>

 

 

|<small>mní</small>

|<small>-o</small>

 

 

|<small>ín-</small>

|<small>-trai</small>

|<small>paki-</small>

|<small>{{blue|-ma}}</small>

<!-- Gloss-->

|to want

| -{{sc|ind.prfv.1.sg.m}}

|wheat.{{sc|unm.inan}}

| -{{sc|pat.{{blue|sg}}}}

 

|to see

| -{{sc|ind.prfv.1.sg.m}}

|wolf.{{sc|ma.an.pat.{{blue|sg}}}}

 

 

| -{{sc|subj.prfv.1.sg.m}}

| -{{sc|pat.{{blue|sg}}}}

 

<!-- Translations -->

 

| colspan="4"| ''I want a grain of wheat.''

 

 

| colspan="4"|''I see a wolf.''

 

 

| colspan="5"|''Do you have a minute?''

|}

 

=====Dual-collective=====

The [[w:dual number|dual]]-[[w:collective number|collective]] number ({{sc|dc}}) is a special number to the Hrasic language. The dual-collective primarily marks the collective sense, whereas English uses the plural.  It does however also signify two nouns, a pair, in certain contexts.

 

The [[w:plurative|plurative]] ({{sc|pl}}) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does.

 

====Gender====

There are two [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]]s in the Ris language, the [[w:animacy|animate]] ({{sc|an}}) and inanimate ({{sc|inan}}). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.

 

In the 2nd and 3rd person singular personal pronouns as well as verbs, the animate splits into a feminine ({{sc|f.an}}) and masculine ({{sc|m.an}}) animate gender. These mark only natural gender.

 

There are 7 [[w:grammatical case|grammatical case]]s in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European languages]].

 

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;"

|+'''Ris cases'''

! colspan="6"|Cases and usage

! colspan="2"|Case

! colspan="2"|Usage

! colspan="2"|Example

! colspan="2" rowspan="4"|Nominative

| colspan="2"|The independent form of nouns; the lemma.

| colspan="2"|The '''dog'''

|-

| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.

| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bites.

|-

| colspan="2"|Subject of high-control intransitive verbs; without a patient.

| colspan="2"|The '''man''' fell.

| colspan="2"|The '''dog '''bit the man.

! colspan="2" rowspan="5"|Accusative

| colspan="2"|Object or patient of a transitive verb.

| colspan="2"|The dog bit the '''man'''

| colspan="2"|He said '''I''' was '''ugly'''.

| colspan="2"|To mark location.

| colspan="2"|I am '''at home'''.

| colspan="2"| Between '''one''' and '''ten'''; near '''you'''.

! colspan="2" rowspan="7"|Dative

| colspan="2"|Indirect object of a ditransitive verb.

| colspan="2"|He gave the '''man '''a pen

| colspan="2"|I fight '''for the king'''! Call '''for help'''!

| colspan="2"|Open the door '''for him'''; this one is not '''for children'''.

| colspan="2"|I'm going '''to Siberia'''; I come '''from home'''.

| colspan="2"|Dativus modi; dative of manner and cause.

| colspan="2"|He died '''from a disease'''.

| colspan="2"|Dativus possessivus; dative of possession.

| colspan="2"|There is a book '''to me'''; '''I''' have a book.

| colspan="2"|After certain prepositions.

| colspan="2"|Get away '''from me'''.

|-

! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Instrumental

| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis instrumenti; the means of the action.

| colspan="2"|He writes with a '''pen'''.

|-

| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis auctoris; the performer of actions.

| colspan="2"|Opened by the '''mayor'''; caught '''by a net'''.

| colspan="2"|Instrumentalis modi; the manner of means of an action.

| colspan="2"|Go by the '''short cut'''.

|-

! colspan="2" rowspan="9"|Genitive

| colspan="2"|Symbolises ownership

| colspan="2"|The '''dog''''s bone

|-

| colspan="2"|Marks objects related to the subject in composition

| colspan="2"|The '''group '''member

| colspan="2"|Symbolises lacking

| colspan="2"|Go without '''me'''

|-

| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns.

| colspan="2"|I moved from the '''house'''

|-

| colspan="2"|Marks origin of nouns

| colspan="2"|It is from '''France'''

| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, associated nouns

| colspan="2"|On the '''Origin '''of '''Species'''.

| colspan="2"|Marks concerned, discussed nouns.

| colspan="2"|Talking about '''films'''.

| colspan="2"|Indicates cause

| colspan="2"|It's because of the '''snow'''.

| colspan="2"|Marks abstract cause

| colspan="2"|Thanks to/despite '''him'''.

| colspan="2"|For comparations, and semblatives.

| colspan="2"|It is '''like a fish'''.

| colspan="2"|For comparative adverbials.

| colspan="2"|I dance '''like a god'''; I dance '''godly'''.

! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Vocative

| colspan="2"|Direct address.

| colspan="2"|Hey, '''John'''!

| colspan="2"|Disjoint address.

| colspan="2"|You are right, '''Mary'''.

| colspan="2"|Exclamation.

| colspan="2"|Poor '''me'''! Wretched '''life'''!

|}

 

====Core cases====

The Ris language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb with the same '''patientive''' case, and marks the agent of the transitive verbs separately, with the '''agentive''' case.  

 

 

=====Patientive=====

The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.

 

 

 

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"

<!-- Sentence -->

| colspan="2"|'''ā́nkour{{blue|o}}'''

 

 

| colspan="2"| '''{{blue|gráni}} ithá{{blue|nei}}'''

 

 

| colspan="2"|'''tagínte {{blue|kḗrax}}'''

| colspan="2"| /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/

 

 

 

 

| colspan="2"|/taŋˈgɪntɛ ˈkeːraks/

 

 

|<small>{{blue|gráni}}</small>

|<small>ithá{{blue|nei}}</small>

 

 

 

|trip.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}

| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}

 

 

|pig.{{sc|unm.an.{{blue|pat}}.dc}}

|exist.{{sc|act.ind.ipfv}}

 

!

 

|hit.{{sc|act.imp.perf}}

|bird.{{sc|ma.an.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}

 

| colspan="2"| ''I tripped''

 

 

| colspan="2"| ''Pigs exist.''

 

 

| colspan="2"|''Hit the bird''

|}

 

 

 

=====Agentative=====

[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]

 

The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Ris language's distinction on control and volition, there is a distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives with the agentative argument.

 

*The agentive is often marked with an <''-r''> on nouns.

*On verbs, the agentive uses the suffix <''-in''> to agree with a high-control subject, or an agentive noun. It is used if the agentive pronoun is omitted. However, this is not completely true; please see the section on [[Ris#Inverse marking|inverse marking]].

 

 

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"

|+

| colspan="4"|'''({{red|éu}}) káter{{red|o}} ktérma'''

 

 

| colspan="3"| '''{{red|tṓu}} téthour{{red|i}}'''

 

 

| colspan="2"|'''ānkour{{red|ṓn}}'''

| colspan="4"| /ˈɛu̩ ˈkatɛrɔ ˈktɛrma/

 

 

 

 

| colspan="2"|/aːŋkʊˈroːn/

|<small>{{red|éu}}</small>

|<small>káter</small>

|<small>{{red|-o}}</small>

 

 

 

 

 

|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}}

|write.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}

| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}

|letter.{{sc|ma.inan.pat.sg}}

 

 

 

|you.{{sc|2.{{red|agt}}.sg}}

|run.{{sc|act.ind.itr}}

 

 

 

<!-- Translations -->

| colspan="4"| ''I am writing a letter.''

 

!

 

| colspan="3"| ''You are running around.''

=====Agentive versus patientive=====

Confer the difference between the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Ris, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  

Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.

 

 

*The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word ''ánthēro'', "to meet", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive or agentive pronoun, and wether it has a patientive or agentive suffix.

| colspan="4"|'''({{red|éu}}) ánthēr{{blue|o}}{{blue|i}}'''

| colspan="4"|'''({{blue|ei}}) ánthēr{{blue|o}}{{blue|i}}'''

| colspan="4"|'''({{red|éu}}) anthēr{{red|ṓn}}{{blue|i}}'''

| colspan="4"| /ˈɛʊ̩ ˈantʰɛrɔɪ̯/

| colspan="4"|/ˈɛɪ̯ ˈantʰɛrɔɪ̯/

| colspan="4"|/ˈɛʊ̩ antʰɛˈroːnɪ/

|<small>{{red|éu}}</small>

|<small>ánthēr</small>

|<small>{{blue|ei}}</small>

|<small>{{blue|-o}}</small>

|<small>{{blue|-i}}</small>

|<small>{{red|éu}}</small>

|<small>{{red|-ṓn}}</small>

|<small>{{blue|-i}}</small>

|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}}

|meet.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}

|I.{{sc|1.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}

|meet.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}

| -{{sc|3.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}

|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}}

|meet.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}

| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}

| -{{sc|3.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}

| colspan="4"| ''I met him/I met up with him.''

| colspan="4"| ''I bumped into him.''

| colspan="4"|''I met up with him.''

The Ris verbs conjugate according to both the patientive, as well as the agentive.

| colspan="2"| '''ā́nkouro'''

| colspan="2"|'''ānkourṓn'''

| colspan="2"|'''rháo'''

| colspan="2"|'''rhaṓn'''

| colspan="2"|  /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/

| colspan="2"|/aŋkʊˈroːn/

 

 

 

 

| colspan="2"|/r̥ʰaˈoːn/

|<small>ā́nkour</small>

|<small>{{blue|-o}}</small>

|<small>ānkour</small>

|<small>{{red|-ṓn}}</small>

|<small>rhá</small>

|<small>-{{red|o}}</small>

 

|breath/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}

| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.2.sg}}

|you/{{sc|.2.m.sg}}

| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}

|breathe/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}

|breathe/{{sc|dir.pos.m.sg}}

| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.2.sg}}

| colspan="2"|''You are breathing.'' <br/><small>(involuntarily, subconciously)</small>

| colspan="3"|''You are breathing.''<br/><small>(intentionally, "breathing heavily")</small>

| colspan="2"|''Breathe!'' <br/><small>(as in "to start breathing")</small>

| colspan="3"|''Breathe!''<br/><small>(as in "calm down")</small>

| colspan="2"|'''{{red|minim}} azmim'''

| colspan="5"|'''{{red|minim}} ta mithr{{blue|a}} izmim'''

| colspan="4"| '''ta ram{{red|va}} aramia'''

| colspan="2"| /ˈŋiniŋ azˈŋiŋ/

| colspan="5"|/ˈŋiniŋ ta ˈŋiθr̥a izˈŋiŋ/

| colspan="4"|/ta ˈraŋ͡ma ˈr̥iŋej/

|<small>{{red|minim}}</small>

|<small>azmim</small>

|<small>{{red|minim}}</small>

|<small>va</small>

|<small>mithr</small>

|<small>-{{blue|a}}</small>

|<small>izmim</small>

|<small>va</small>

|<small>ram</small>

|<small>{{red|-va}}</small>

|<small>rimey</small>

| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}

|cook/{{sc|ind.neu.c.pl}}

| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}

|the{{sc|.def.n}}

|squirrel/{{sc|n.sg}}

| -{{sc|n.{{blue|pat}}}}

|cook/{{sc|ind.dyn.c.pl}}

|the{{sc|.def.n}}

|bird/{{sc|n.sg.}}

| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}

|fly/{{sc|ind.stat.n.sg}}

| colspan="2"|''You cook (something)''

| colspan="5"|''You are cooking a squirrel''

| colspan="4"|''The bird flies''

====Instrumental====

=====Instrumental proper=====

The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.  

| colspan="8"| '''gva va gramma genn{{blue|an}} gira'''  

| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈkr̥aŋ͡mø ˈk͡pœœnːan ˈɡira/

|<small>g</small>

|<small>-va</small>

|<small>kvenn</small>

|<small>{{blue|-an}}</small>

 

| colspan="4"|'''inaratr{{blue|in}} nurimni'''

<!-- Pronunciation-->

| colspan="4"|/inˈaratr̥in ˈnuriŋ͡mi/

<!-- Morphemes-->

|<small>at</small>

|<small>-va</small>

|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩tagav⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>

|<small>inaratra</small>

|we/{{sc|1.c.pl}}

| {{sc|m.agt}}

|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩boat/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩

| go/{{sc|ind.gn.c.pl}}

|happiness/{{sc|f.sg}}

| -{{sc|f.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}

|gladden/{{sc|med.dir.c.pl}}

| -{{sc|2.pat.f.pl}}

| colspan="4"| ''We go by boat''

| colspan="4"|''Let happiness make you glad!'' - Attian saying.

On subject of control in the Ris verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used.

 

Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.  

| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava'''

| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''

| colspan="8"|/ˈɡwa ˈr̥ɛɡa aŋˈaɡwan ˈɡøwa/

| colspan="3"|/uˈwana ˈtutanː/

|<small>g</small>

|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>

|<small>gava</small>

|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vaun⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>