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→Polar marking
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===== | =====Inverse marking===== | ||
Both the agentive and the patientive can be the subject or agent of a verb. The choice between the two depend on the degree of control with the subject. High-control subjects get the agentive, low-control subjects get the patientive. | |||
Normally, a verb with a high-control subject would get the agentive enclitic personal pronouns "-in" suffixed. However, in verbs that are inherently high control, this is often omitted in casual speech. "To write" is an example; you rarely write unconsciously, so the agentive suffix is not necessary. | |||
This has led to an interesting phenomenon: If a verb has inherently strong control, instead of being an agentive suffix, the enclitic pronoun instead inverts the control of the verb. For example: | |||
*The inherently ''low''-control "to fall" becomes "to trip intentionally; to fake a fall", when using the agentive, as expected. | |||
*The inherently ''high''-control "to speak" becomes "to sleep-talk; to ramble" - which means the control is diminished with the agentive suffix. | |||
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;" | {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
<!-- Sentence --> | <!-- Sentence --> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
<!-- Gloss--> | <!-- Gloss--> | ||
| | |to fall.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}} | ||
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}. | | -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |to fall.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}} | ||
| -{{sc| | | -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |to say.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}} | ||
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}. | | -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}} | ||
! | ! | ||
| | |to say.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}} | ||
| -{{sc| | | -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
<!-- Translations --> | <!-- Translations --> | ||
| colspan="2"|'' | | colspan="2"|PAT - ''I fall''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2"|AGT - ''I fake a fall''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan="2"|'' | | colspan="2"|PAT - ''I speak''. | ||
! | ! | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="2"|AGT - ''I sleep-talk, ramble''. | ||
|} | |} | ||
When high-control intransitives are marked with the agentive case - as in the case "''to cook''" - the direct object may be left unmentioned, granted that the gnomic aspect is used. This implies the cooking of something, instead of directly mentioning it. If there is doubt whether an action is performed intentionally or involuntarily, the agentive is generally used. | When high-control intransitives are marked with the agentive case - as in the case "''to cook''" - the direct object may be left unmentioned, granted that the gnomic aspect is used. This implies the cooking of something, instead of directly mentioning it. If there is doubt whether an action is performed intentionally or involuntarily, the agentive is generally used. | ||