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Ris (view source)

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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===
Ris is a fluid-S [[w:active-stative language|active-stative language]], and thus different to English, which is [[w:nominative-accusative|nominative-accusative]]. Compare the following example from Georgian:
{| cellpadding="6" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+ <!-- Active language'''
| '''Sentence: -->
| colspan="3" | ''Vaxt’angi ekimi iqo''
|
| colspan="2" | ''Ninom daamtknara''
|
| colspan="4" | ''Ninom ačvena suratebi Gias''
|-
| <!-- Morphemes: -->
| vaxt’ang'''{{red|-i}}'''
| ekim'''{{red|-i}}'''
| iqo
|
| nino'''{{green|-m}}'''
| daamtknara
|
| nino'''{{green|-m}}'''
| ačvena
| surat-eb'''{{red|-i}}'''
|gia-s
|-
| <!-- Gloss: -->
| Vakhtang'''{{red|-{{sc|pat}}}}'''
| doktor'''{{red|-{{sc|pat}}}}'''
| be {{sc|aor.3sg}}
|
| Nino'''{{green|-{{sc|agt}}}}'''
| yawn {{sc|aor.3sg}}'''
|
| Nino'''{{green|-{{sc|agt}}}}'''
| show {{sc|aor.3sg}}
| picture-{{sc|pl}}'''{{red|-{{sc|pat}}}}'''
| Gia-{{sc|dat}}
|-
| <!-- Function: -->
| '''{{red|S}}'''
|'''{{red|S}}'''
| VERB<sub>intrans</sub>
|
| '''{{green|S}}'''
| VERB<sub>intrans</sub>
|
| '''{{green|A}}'''
| VERB<sub>trans</sub>
| '''{{red|O}}'''
| OBJECT<sub>indirect</sub>
|-
| <!-- Translation: -->
| colspan="3" | 'Vakhtang was a doctor.'
|
| colspan="2" | 'Nino yawned.'
|
| colspan="2" | 'Nino showed the pictures to Gia.'
|}
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
====Control====
Control, volition or activity marks how much an argument intented for an action. There are two cases in the language to indicate high and low-control:
*[[Ris#Patientive|Patientive]] - low-control; little volition; the patient of an action.
*[[Ris#Agentive|Agentive]] - high-control; high degree of volition; the agent of an action.
The alignment grants that the three core arguments of a verb the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], and [[w:object (grammar)|object]] are marked according to their role as well as the control they have over the action, how active they are.
*The subject is the sole argument of an intransitive verb: '''''I''' run'' or '''''You''' fall''
If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the so-called [[w:agentive case|agentive]] case. Compare '''''I''' run''. If the subject cannot help the action, or simply experiences it, the [[w:patientive case|patientive]] case is used; compare  '''''You''' fall''.
*The agent is the subject of a transitive verb: '''''I''' hit him'' or '''''You''' met her''
In most active-stative languages, the agent of a transitive verb is always perceived as active in the action, in full control. However, in Ris, the same distinction as with subjects of intransitives apply. This means that it too may be marked with either the patientive or agentive.
*The object is never in control of an action, and thus always in the patientive case: ''I hit '''him'''''
====Number====
====Number====
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called [[w:singulative number|collective-singulative]] distinction.
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