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Ris (view source)

Revision as of 17:07, 3 July 2013

59 bytes added ,  3 July 2013
→‎Instrumental
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=====Inanimate subjective instrumental=====
=====Inanimate subjective instrumental=====
On subject of control in the Ris verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used.
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"|/ˈɡwa ˈr̥ɛɡa aŋˈaɡwan ˈɡøwa/
!
| colspan="3"|/uˈwana ˈtutanː/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>ury</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>{{blue|a}}-</small>
|<small>magv</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>gava</small>
!
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vaun⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>tuta</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|bread/{{sc|col.n.}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| {{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}-
|knife/{{sc|col.m.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
| cut/{{sc|ind.neu.m.sg}}
!
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-pat.1.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="7"| ''I cut bread with knifes''
!
| colspan="3"|''I am hit with stones''
|}
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.
Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.


Line 1,653: Line 1,592:
| colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones''
| colspan="5"|''Some guy hits me with stones''
|}
|}
On subject of control in the Ris verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used.
Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gava'''
!
| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="8"|/ˈɡwa ˈr̥ɛɡa aŋˈaɡwan ˈɡøwa/
!
| colspan="3"|/uˈwana ˈtutanː/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>g</small>
|<small>-va</small>
|<small>ury</small>
|<small>-a</small>
|<small>{{blue|a}}-</small>
|<small>magv</small>
|<small>-{{blue|an}}</small>
|<small>gava</small>
!
|<small>⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vaun⟨{{blue|un}}⟩</small>
|<small>tuta</small>
|<small>-nn</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|bread/{{sc|col.n.}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| {{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}-
|knife/{{sc|col.m.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
| cut/{{sc|ind.neu.m.sg}}
!
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-pat.1.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="7"| ''I cut bread with knifes''
!
| colspan="3"|''I am hit with stones''
|}


=====Comitative instrumental=====
=====Comitative instrumental=====
The Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:
The Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses. It indicates actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|an}}?'''
| colspan="5"|'''indroua mena?'''


!
!


| colspan="6"|'''gva amn{{blue|an}} imgimna'''
| colspan="6"|'''As mao kana.'''


!
!


| colspan="6"|'''gvayya yarm{{blue|un}}an'''
| colspan="6"|'''Inisto nai rágan.'''
|-
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
<!-- Pronunciation-->
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