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====Core cases====
==Morphosyntactic alignment and the core cases==
The Ris language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb with the same '''patientive''' case, and marks the agent of the transitive verbs separately, with the '''agentive''' case.  
[[Image:Control-argument-qri.png|right|thumb|A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
Ris possess an originally [[w:active-stative alignment|active-stative alignment]], which means that the two arguments of transitive verbs, the subject and object, are marked with the agentive case and patientive case respectively. The agent of an intransitive verb, however, can be marked with either. The agentive and patientive cases denote a different degree of control and [[w:volition (linguistics)|volition]] with the arguments.  Depending on the intransitive verb, different cases would be used.


In the fluid subtype however, the subject of an intransive verb may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.
It later developed the so-called ''fluid-S'' subtype, which infers that any intransitive verb can use both the patientive and agentive cases, wich each grant a different degree of control of the verb.


=====Patientive=====
====Patientive case====
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  
The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}})  is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.  


*As the patientive is the citation form of nouns, there is little consistency in the patientive endings. They differ due to class, gender and etymology.
The patientive is used on low control agents, and [[w:patient (grammar)|experiencers]] of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.
*The patientive is also marked on verbs, and agrees with both the subject and object. Although patientive pronouns exist, they are often dropped.  
 
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = ānkouro
|phrase = Ānkouro.
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
|morphemes = ānkour-{{blue|o}}
|morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = to trip.ACT.IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|gloss = to trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = I tripped.
|translation = I fell.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = grani inistin
|phrase = Mīthrani hentai inistin.
|IPA = /ˈgranɪ ˈɪnɪstɪn/
|IPA = /ˈmɪːθranɪ ˈçɛntaj ˈɪnɪstɪn/
|morphemes = grani-{{blue|∅}} in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|morphemes = mīthra-{{blue|ni}} in-ist-{{blue|in}}
|gloss = pig.III.{{blue|PAT}}.DC to exist-ACT.IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
|gloss = squirrel_soup.III-{{blue|PAT}}.DC okay.ADF.PAT exist-ACT-IND.IPFV-3.{{blue|PAT}}.DC
|translation = Pigs exist.
|translation = Okay squirrel soups exist.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = tagērras kērax
|phrase = Tagērras kērax.
|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/
|IPA = /ˈtageːrras ˈkeːraks/
| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}}
| morphemes = tagēr-r-as kērax-{{blue|∅}}
| gloss = to hit-ACT.IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = hit.ACT-IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| translation = Hit the bird.
| translation = Hit the bird.
}}
}}


=====Agentative=====
{{Gloss
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Ris language's distinction on control and volition, there is a distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives with the agentative argument.  
|phrase = Anēr, ouinēstra teskho...
|IPA = /ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈtɛskʰɔ/
|morphemes = anēr-∅ ouinēstra-∅ teskh-∅-{{blue|o}}
|gloss = mother.I-VOC.SG window.II-{{blue|PAT}}.SG smash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.1.SG
|translation = Mother, I happened to smash the window...
}}
====Agentive case====
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs.
The agentive marks high control, volitional [[w:Agent (grammar)|agents]] of verbs.


The verbs use the suffix <''-s''> to agree with high-control subjects; agentive nouns. However, this is not completely true; please see the section on [[Ris#Inverse marking|inverse marking]].
{{Gloss|phrase = Mau katēro kterma.
{{Gloss|phrase = mau katēro kterma
|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|IPA = /maw kaˈteːrɔ ˈktɛrma/
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-∅
|morphemes = {{red|mau}} katēr-∅-{{red|o}} kterma-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG to write-ACT.IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-PAT.SG
|gloss = 1.{{red|AGT}}.SG writeACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|IN.PAT}}.1.SG letter.III-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
|translation = I am writing a letter.
|translation = I am writing a letter.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = he tethoūris
|phrase = He tethoūris.
|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|IPA = /ˈhɛ tɛˈtʰʊːrɪ/
|morphemes = toū te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|morphemes = {{red|he}} te~thoūr-{{red|is}}
|gloss = 2.AGT.SG ACT.IND.ITR~to run-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|gloss = 2.{{red|AGT}}.SG IND.ITR~run.ACT-1.{{red|AGT}}.SG
|translation = He are running around.
|translation = He is running around.
}}
}}


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = ānkouros...!
|phrase = Ānkouros...!
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
|IPA = /ˈaːŋkʊros/
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| morphemes = ānkour-∅-{{red|os}}
| gloss = to hit-ACT.IMP.PRFV-2.SG.AGT bird.I-{{blue|PAT}}.SG
| gloss = trip.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
| translation = I purposely trip...!
| translation = I purposely trip...!
}}
}}


=====Agentive versus patientive=====
===Unaccusatives, unergatives and inversion of cases===
Confer the difference between the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Ris, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.  
[[Image:Alignment-qri.png|right|thumb|An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.|450px]]
Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs instead inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.  


Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook" can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk" somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.
An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.


*The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word ''ánthēro'', "to meet", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive or agentive pronoun, and wether it has a patientive or agentive suffix.
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ekrasi mākhina.
|IPA = /ˈɛkrasːi maːˈkʰɪna/
|morphemes = ekras-∅-{{blue|i}} mākhina-{{blue|∅}}
|gloss = crash.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = The car crashed.
}}


{{Gloss
|phrase = Anēr psānisti.
|IPA = /ˈaneːr psaːˈnɪstɪ/
|morphemes = anēr-{{blue|∅}} psān-ist-{{blue|ɪ}}
|gloss = mother.I-PAT.SG cry.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{blue|PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = Mother cries.
}}


{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
{{Gloss
|+
|phrase = Ngaos.
<!-- Sentence -->
|IPA = /ŋgaˈos/
| colspan="4"|'''({{red|eu}}) anthér{{blue|o}}{{blue|i}}'''
|morphemes = nga-∅-{{red|os}}
|gloss = sleep.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|AGT}}.1.SG
|translation = I am trying to sleep.
}}
Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters {{sc|inv}}} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.


!
{{Gloss
|phrase = He gāmi!
|IPA = /hɛ gaːˈmi/
|morphemes = he gām-∅-{{blue|i}}
|gloss = 3.PROX.MA.SG to come.ACT-IND.IMPV-{{blue|INV.PAT}}.3.SG
|translation = He's coming!
}}


| colspan="4"|'''({{blue|ei}}) anthér{{blue|o}}{{blue|i}}'''
{{Gloss
|phrase = Antiou rhaistos...
|IPA = /ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/
|morphemes = anti-ou rha-ist-{{red|os}}
|gloss = night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IPVF-{{red|INV.AGT}}.1.SG
|translation = I sleep-talk in the night.
}}


!
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ti rhās?
|IPA = /tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/
|morphemes = ti rha-∅-{{red|as}}
|gloss = what.PAT.SG talk.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
|translation = What are you trying to say?
}}


| colspan="4"|'''({{red|eu}}) anthér{{red|ón}}{{blue|i}}'''
{{Gloss
|-
|phrase = Kinizas, kinizas!
<!-- Pronunciation-->
|IPA = /kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
| colspan="4"| /ˈɛw ˈantʰɛrɔɪ̯/
|morphemes = kiniz-∅-{{red|as}}
 
|gloss = drive.ACT-IND.PRFV-{{red|INV.AGT}}.2.SG
!
|translation = You're driving, you're driving! (''How is it possible?'')
 
}}
| colspan="4"|/ˈɛj ˈantʰɛrɔɪ̯/
 
!
 
| colspan="4"|/ˈɛw ˈantʰɛroːnɪ/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>{{red|eu}}</small>
|<small>anthér</small>
|<small>{{blue|-o}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-i}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>{{blue|ei}}</small>
|<small>anthér</small>
|<small>{{blue|-o}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-i}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>{{red|eu}}</small>
|<small>anthér</small>
|<small>{{red|-ón}}</small>
|<small>{{blue|-i}}</small>
 
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}}
|meet.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|3.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}
 
!
 
|I.{{sc|1.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}
|meet.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|3.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}
 
!
 
|I.{{sc|1.{{red|agt}}.sg}}
|meet.{{sc|act.ind.perf}}
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}
| -{{sc|3.{{blue|pat}}.sg}}
 
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="4"| ''I met him/I met up with him.''
 
!
 
| colspan="4"| ''I bumped into him.''
 
!
 
| colspan="4"|''I met up with him.''
|}
 
=====Inverse marking=====
Both the agentive and the patientive can be the subject or agent of a verb. The choice between the two depend on the degree of control with the subject. High-control subjects get the agentive, low-control subjects get the patientive.
 
Normally, a verb with a high-control subject would get the agentive enclitic personal pronouns "-in" suffixed. However, in verbs that are inherently high control, this is often omitted in casual speech. "To write" is an example; you rarely write unconsciously, so the agentive suffix is not necessary.
 
This has led to an interesting phenomenon: If a verb has inherently strong control, instead of being an agentive suffix, the enclitic pronoun instead inverts the control of the verb. For example:
*The inherently ''low''-control "to fall" becomes "to trip intentionally; to fake a fall", when using the agentive, as expected.
*The inherently ''high''-control "to speak" becomes "to sleep-talk; to ramble" - which means the control is diminished with the agentive suffix.
 
 
This leads to the '''inverted agentive''' ({{sc|in-agt}}), which works like a patientive, and the agentive-like '''inverted patientive''' ({{sc|in-pat}}).
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; border:1px solid #CCC; background:#f5f5f5"
|+
<!-- Sentence -->
| colspan="2"| '''ánkour{{blue|o}}'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''ánkour{{red|ón}}'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''rha{{blue|o}}'''
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|'''rha{{red|ón}}'''
|-
<!-- Pronunciation-->
| colspan="2"|  /ˈaːŋkʊrɔ/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈaːŋkʊroːn/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/ˈr̥ʰaɔ̩/
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|/r̥ʰaˈoːn/
|-
<!-- Morphemes-->
|<small>ā́nkour</small>
|<small>{{blue|-o}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>ā́nkour</small>
|<small>{{red|-ṓn}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>rhá</small>
|<small>-{{blue|o}}</small>
 
!
 
|<small>rha</small>
|<small>{{red|-ṓn}}</small>
|-
<!-- Gloss-->
|to fall.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}
 
!
 
|to fall.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}}
| -{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.sg}}
 
!
 
|to say.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}}
| -{{sc|{{red|inv.pat}}.1.sg}}
 
!
 
|to say.{{sc|act.ind.prf.}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|inv.agt}}.1.sg}}
|-
<!-- Translations -->
| colspan="2"|PAT - ''I fall''.
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|AGT - ''I fake a fall''.
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|IN-PAT - ''I speak''.
 
!
 
| colspan="2"|IN-AGT - ''I sleep-talk, ramble''.
|}


====Instrumental====
====Instrumental====
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