Sceptrian: Difference between revisions

{{Infobox language

|name          = Sceptrian

|states        = Sceptre

|speakers      = 29,200,000   

|fam1          = West-Herookuan

|fam2          = Lutian

|nation        = Empire of Sceptre

|agency        = ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan''<br>(Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language)

}}

'''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushan'' [ˈbäˑtəp luˈʃãˑ] or simply ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' [[w:Artistic_language|artistic language]] created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]]. Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With 29 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking [[Khattish]] and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages.

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!COM

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!CAU

*As a determiner, the demonstrative follows its head and other adjectives: ''Bouson qot ka.'' (This rock is falling.) ''Anzaitlon qoth rkildh kla.'' (I'm lifting these brown rocks.)

*For inanimate class, the pronoun is the same as the demonstrative word: ''Qot ka.'' (This is a rock.) ''Rkidh qot ka.'' (This rock is brown.) ''Qoth rkildh klo.'' (Those are brown rocks.)  

See also the [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|table of correlatives]].

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!Comitative

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!Causal

*"to be": apposition ''trs doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trs'' (the smith-man, the smith (who) is a man) and ''Berats trs'' (Berats, the smith, ...) vs. ''trs Berats'' (Berats is a smith); predicative before ''luwidh doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwidh'' (a beautiful man)

**Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trs dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith)

***temporal adverbs, such as ''ta'ikhi'' (in the past)

***subject person and tense verb conjugation on adjective

***momentane verb derived from an adjective in past or future tense

***"become" verb derivation -> "will be"  

* "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput trsor dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man")

|+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect

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!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT

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! rowspan="2"|PRES

!PROG

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!INCEP

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! rowspan="2"| PST

! IPFV

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!PFV

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! colspan="2"| FUT

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* initial ''l'' in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive

*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration

**simple ''h'' becomes ''qh''

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"

|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect

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!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT

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! rowspan="2"|PRES

!PROG

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!INCEP

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! rowspan="2"| PST

! IPFV

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!PFV

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! colspan="2"| FUT

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*Affixes may be separated from border vowels of verbs with a glottal stop or reduplicated initial consonant (unless risk of confusion with subjunctive): ''Ai(v)eva(v)oi.'' (I illuminated it.)

In future tense, no aspects are distinguished, but rather non-finite forms are used.

*PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've taken myself dancing)  

*PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-lateep(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while))

'''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: ''Zaitó Hala urakha.'' (Sun rises tomorrow as well)

=====Irrealis=====

'''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?)

'''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: ''Rót posné!'' (Go, O servant of mine!)  

*The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: ''Rótrest fo.'' (You should leave.). It is used as a hortative as well: ''Rótrlast!'' (Let's go!)

*The first reduplicated syllable undergoes independent apophony depending on the subject.

*The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished

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'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with root second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''é'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.)

*Future forms with ''or'': ''kephonor'' (will be washed)

*Examples shown already in [[Sceptrian#Adjective|derivations]]

====Auxiliary verbs====

===Word order===

* possessives follow nouns

* predicative adjectives precede and attributive ones come after nouns

===Emphasizing clitics===

When both are used, information conveyed by the verb becomes veritable: ''Józaitoi dotheenoh pofma.'' (I can swear that the man lifted the feather.)  

====Independent====

====Conjunction====

coordinating, correlative (and subordinate?)

====Noun clauses====