Skyrdagor

Skyrdagor
skyrdegan gjalyn
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ɧɯ˞ˈdeːɜ̯n ɟ͡ʝæ̯ɑɮɯn]]
Created by	Lili21
Date	Feb 2017
Setting	Calémere
Ethnicity	Skyrdagoreans (Skyrdogrylih)
Native speakers	130,000,000 (2312 / 6424)
Language family	Fargulyn languages Karaskyr Skyrdagorian Skyrdagor
Official status
Official language in	Skyrdagor, Gorjan, Arkjatar, Aksalbor, Karynaktja, Askand, Tulfasysz, Ylvostydh, Ogotet'hep', others

The Skyrdagor language (native name Skyrdegan gjalyn [ɧɯ˞deːɜ̯n ɟ͡ʝæ̯ɑɮɯn]) is the koiné language of Greater Skyrdagor ([ɧɯ˞dɒː˞], in Sky. gilyjlydh Skyrdagor [ɟ͡ʝiɮʊɪ̯ɮɯð ɧɯ˞dɒː˞]), a plurinational area on the planet of Calémere, in northeastern Márusúturon, once part of the Skyrdagor Empire. It is the official language in all countries of this area, as well as a minority language in Brono, Qualdomailor, and the Inquisition.

Written Skyrdagor, usually referred to as International Skyrdagor (szelyhtoŋgyrhin Skyrdegan gjalyn [sɛɮɯxtoŋɣɯ˞xin ɧɯ˞deːɜ̯n ɟ͡ʝæ̯ɑɮɯn]), is a standardized Dachsprache for most of the Skyrdagorian languages, which are the local, usually mutually intelligible, languages of most countries of Greater Skyrdagor. It is based mostly on the Skyrdegan dialect of Tol Sakszyv [tɔɮ ʃɒksuː], former imperial capital and modern-day capital of the Republic of Skyrdagor.

Greater Skyrdagor

Skyrdagor ([ɧɯ˞dɒː˞]) proper is an archipelago nation, made up of the islands in the Skyrdagor Inner Sea. The central and largest island, Tuf Kjegesmeth [tuf ˈɕeːʃmeθ], is the most populated and the cradle of Skyrdagor civilization. On it lies Tol Sakszyv [tɔl ˈʃɒksɯʊ̯], the former imperial capital, the present-day capital of Skyrdagor, and the largest city of Greater Skyrdagor. Almost all islands are divided in two large areas: a narrow northwestern coast, usually cold and windy due to polar winds flowing south and reaching them, and a much more vast southeastern plain where most of each island’s population lie.

The mainland countries, from north to south, are:

Askand (Sk.: [ˈaʃkɒnd]; locally [ˈɔʃkaːt]) is the northernmost country of Greater Skyrdagor and, due to its location, also the least populated. Most of the country lies above the 60th parallel north and 90% of its population lies along the Zyszovkes (loc.: [zɯˈsɔːkɪʃ]) river in the south of the country. It has, however, more than 70% of the total human population on Calémere living above 60ºN.

Aksalbor (Sk.: [aˈkʃalbu˞]; locally [æˈkʃawbo]), the third-northernmost country (the northernmost islands of Skyrdagor reach 65ºN, three degrees north of Aksalbor’s northernmost point), is the largest country of Greater Skyrdagor by area, and the second least densely populated (after Askand). Most of its population lies in the southwestern corner of the country, on the north side of the large Gepten (loc.: [ˈɣeften]) estuary, which is shared with neighboring Arkjatar. Most of the rest of the country is taiga, and the climate is in large areas marked by bitter cold winters, like in most of northern Márusúturon (still not as cold as the areas to its north and east).

Arkjatar (Sk.: [ɚˈɕatɚ]; locally [ɛɽˈçatəɽ]) is a peculiar country as, apart from the markedly oceanic coast, its interior sees the border between the subarctic taiga and the temperate biomes (decidual forests closer to the coast, but also some grasslands farther away). The Gdaron (loc.: [ˈgdɛɽon]) river, the main one of the country, is somewhat a boundary as north and east of it the taiga predominates while south and west the temperate biome is dominant.

Karynaktja (Sk.: [karɯˈnɒtʃa]; locally [kaɽˈnaktˢa]) is the most populated country of Greater Skyrdagor, thanks to the large alluvial plain of the Gitran (loc.: [ˈɟiʈɽɒŋ]) river that makes up most of the country, apart for the Ratszan [ˈɽatsɒŋ] mountains in the north (just south and parallel to the 50th parallel north) and the colder coast north of it. The climate in Karynaktja has more in common with the central and southern islands of Skyrdagor (Tol Sakszyv being roughly on the same latitude as central Karynaktja) and the southern countries than to the subarctic ones to the north, being markedly mediterranean on the coast and continental inland (central-southern France being the closest example on Earth).

Tulfasysz (Sk.: [ˈtulfəʃɯs]; locally [ˈtuwɸaʃuʃ]) is the only landlocked country in Greater Skyrdagor, and it is made up by three different river basins - one draining in the northern Inner Sea through Arkjatar, another into the southern Inner Sea through Karynaktja, and the third into the endorheic Plezyth [ˈplɛzus] inland lake, shared with Gorjan and the Chlouvānem Inquisition. It has the driest climate of all Skyrdegan countries, with many grasslands, but the abundant freshwater still supports a relatively large population.

Gorjan (Sk.: [ˈgɔ˞ʒɒn]; locally [ˈgorʒɔn]) is the southernmost of the adjacent countries of Greater Skyrdagor (and containing the southernmost point of the whole area, including Ylvostydh), and the homonymous river (that begins in Southern Gorjan, a diocese of the Inquisition) that runs all the way through it, south to north, is the main geographical feature of the country. It is the third most populated country of the region, and due to its close proximity with culturally Bronic areas, as well as having been the first area to be contacted by the Chlouvānem cultures, it is culturally peculiar in Greater Skyrdagor, for example for being the only country in the area where up to 37% of the population is Yunyalīlti.

Ylvostydh (Sk.: [uˈwoːʃtɯθ]; locally [ɨlˈvɔʃtɨð]) is the geographical outlier of Greater Skyrdagor, being located on the other side of the Inner Sea, divided from the other mainland countries by the Bronic-speaking areas. It was historically the last area to be colonized by Skyrdagor peoples, and it also has a peculiar culture due to being nestled between the Bronic culture space to the southeast and the Qualdomelic one to the southwest. It has the warmest climate of all Greater Skyrdagor, as it is surrounded by the sea on two sides and, apart from the northernmost tip, the whole of the country lies south of the 40th parallel north.

Phonology

Consonants

Skyrdagor has a phonemic inventory of 29 consonants. Many of them have "standard" spellings used in almost every instance (consonants like /m n ɮ/), but some consonants do not have a consistent way to be spelled due to etymology.

		Labials	Dentals	Palatoalveolars	Palatals	Velars
Nasals		m	n			ŋ
Stops		p b	t d			k g
Affricates			ts	tʃ	cç
Fricatives	Non-sibilant	f v	θ ð ɬ ɮ		ç ʝ	x ɣ
	Sibilant		s z	ʃ ʒ	ɧ
Approximants					j

Note that /ç ʝ/ are usually affricated as [c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ] word-initially - as for example in gjalyn "language" /ʝaɮɯn/ [ɟ͡ʝæ̯ɑɮɯn]. That means that in this position the distinction between /ç/ and /c͡ç/ is neutralized - c.f. hjezla "woman" /çɛzɮa/ [c͡çe̯ɛːɮɑ], kjivŋ "seed" /c͡çʊɪ̯ŋ/ [c͡çʊɪ̯ŋ].

As seen in the previous example (hjezla), /z/ and /s/ disappear and lengthen the vowel when before either /ɮ/ or /ɬ/ - however, when word-initially, this does not happen and both consonants are pronounced, e.g. in zlab "tree" /zɮab/ [zɮɑb].

Vowels

Skyrdagor has a highly unbalanced vowel inventory consisting of 21 phonemes (17 monophthongs and 4 diphthongs).

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː ɪ˞	ɯ ɯ˞	u uː
Mid	ɛ eː	ɘː ɚ	ɔ ɔː oː
Low		a	ɒː ɒ˞
Diphthongs	aɪ̯	ʊɪ̯	uɪ̯ ɔɪ̯

The three short vowels /a ɛ ɔ/ have various allophones depending on the surrounding consonants. For this purpose, consonants may be divided in the following groups:

• Light consonants: /ts tʃ cç ç ʝ ɧ/
• Neutral consonants: /m n ŋ p b t d k g θ ð s z r j/
• Dark consonants: /f v x ɣ ʃ ʒ ɬ ɮ/

When these three vowels are surrounded by neutral consonants, word-initial, or preceded by a neutral consonant and followed by any other (or none), their usual values are [a ɛ ɔ]. When they are surrounded by light consonants, or only preceded by one of them, their values are [a e o]; when surrounded by dark consonants or only preceded by a dark one they are [ɑ ɛ ɔ]. When they are between polarly opposite consonants, the allophone is a transition between two different "expected" sounds: when preceded by a light consonant and followed by a dark one it's [æ͡ɑ e͡ɛ o͡ɔ]; when preceded by a dark consonant and followed by a light one it's [ɑ͡æ æ͡e ʌ͡o].

Orthography

Skyrdagor is written in an alphabetic, caseless script. By number of languages, it is the third most used script on Calémere (after the Íscégon and the Nivarese scripts) and the most used Eastern one; by number of users, it is the fourth globally and the second Eastern one (the Chlouvānem script has more users than it and the Nivarese one). It is used all throughout Greater Skyrdagor and adapted versions of it are used for Bronic, Fathanic, Čathinow, and various indigenous languages of northern Márusúturon. The Qualdomelic script derives from an earlier version of the Skyrdegan script which has not undergone some later simplifications and is traditionally printed (and typed) in a more rounded font, but they're mostly mutually intellegible.

Romanization

In all of the present article, sound transcriptions are from Skyrdegan Skyrdagor unless noted. Its romanization mostly follows IPA letters, but:

• y represents /ɯ/;
• The fricatives /s z ʃ ʒ x θ ð/ are represented, respectively, sz z s zs h th dh. /ç～ɕ ʝ/ appear in different places, but most commonly they are written kj gj (they are both unvoiced in most Skyrdegan dialects, excluding notably the capital's); /ɧ/ is also written in various ways, most commonly sk before /i ɛ ɯ/ or another consonant.
• Many sequences are not read literally, as notably g has the tendency to disappear (c.f. kogyzsda "they see it" [ˈkoːʒdɒ]) and influence neighboring sounds, which often influence their neighboring ones in a chain (note the -agor in the word Skyrdagor, which is pronounced [ɒː˞], in a chain like *[agɔɽ] > *[aɣɔɽ] > *[ɑɔ̯˞] > [ɒː˞]). Final -eg (which is, amongst others, the 1SG past tense indefinite ending) is also pronounced [a]. lv is pronounced [w], and shifts neighboring y to [u], neighboring i to [ɪ], and neighboring e to [ə].

Morphology

Verbs

Skyrdagor verbs inflect for person (subject and object), gender, definiteness, tense, and mood. Two of the main notable features of Skyrdagor is that there are two different conjugation patterns for definite and indefinite objects and aspects are not distinguished morphologically at all. Gender is marked sporadically in subjects, namely in 2nd and 3rd singular and 3rd plural in the indefinite conjugation and in 3rd persons in the definite one, while it is marked in all persons except the 1st singular and plural inclusive for objects.

Present indefinite

Skyrdagor verbs are mostly conjugated agglutinatively, but there are hints to a former system of vowel harmony. The 1st person singular indefinite is the citation form, as it is the most unmarked form of the verb. Non-3rd person objects do not exist in present indefinite, as they're intrinsecally definite.

kog (to see) → Subjects ↓ Objects	1S	2S Masc.	2S Fem.	3S Masc.	3S Fem.	1P Incl.	1P Excl.	2P	3P Masc.	3P Fem.
—	kog	kogob	kogybe	kogs	kogyth	kogbjel	kogt	kogvot	kogst	kogthyt
3S Masc.	szykog	szykogob	szykogybe	szykogs	szykogyth	szykogbjel	szykogt	szykogvot	szykogst	szykogthyt
3S Fem.	edhkog	edhkogob	edhkogybe	edhkogs	edhkogyth	edhkogbjel	edhkogt	edhkogvot	edhkogst	edhkogthyt
3P Masc.	tszykog	tszykogob	tszykogybe	tszykogs	tszykogyth	tszykogbjel	tszykogt	tszykogvot	tszykogst	tszykogthyt
3P Fem.	thtekog	thtekogob	thtekogybe	thtekogs	thtekogyth	thtekogbjel	thtekogt	thtekogvot	thtekogst	thtekogthyt

Vowel harmony traces are present in the 2S masculine and 2P subjects, as verbs whose roots have as last vowel e or i use -eb and -veb, e.g. szlek "to drive" → szlekeb "you (sg) drive", szlekvet "you (pl) drive"; fkin "to throw" → fkineb "you (sg) throw", fkinvet "you (pl) throw".
Note that no gender distinction in 2nd person singular is present in all Tulfasyzdor dialects, most Gorjanor ones, and southern Karynaktjor. The 2nd person plural is archaic in Askandor, where the 3rd person forms are used (as in pronouns, where the courtesy (V) forms have replaced the T ones).

Present definite

kog (to see) → Subjects ↓ Objects	1S	2S	3S Masc.	3S Fem.	1P Incl.	1P Excl.	2P	3P Masc.	3P Fem.
—	koge	kogjol	kogyzso	kogyszy	kogetjel	kogette	kogult	kogyzsda	kogysztu
1S	(avkog)	vkogjol	vkogyzso	vkogyszy	vkogetjel	vkogette	vkogult	vkogyzsda	vkogysztu
2S Masc.	kykoge	kykogjol	kykogyzso	kykogyszy	kykogetjel	kykogette	kykogult	kykogyzsda	kykogysztu
2S Femm.	zekoge	zekogjol	zekogyzso	zekogyszy	zekogetjel	zekogette	zekogult	zekogyzsda	zekogysztu
3S Masc.	szykoge	szykogjol	szykogyzso	szykogyszy	szykogetjel	szykogette	szykogult	szykogyzsda	szykogysztu
3S Fem.	edhkoge	edhkogjol	edhkogyzso	edhkogyszy	edhkogetjel	edhkogette	edhkogult	edhkogyzsda	edhkogysztu
1P Incl.	jokoge	jokogjol	jokogyzso	jokogyszy	jokogetjel	jokogette	jokogult	jokogyzsda	jokogysztu
1P Excl. Masc.	dhokoge	dhokogjol	dhokogyzso	dhokogyszy	dhokogetjel	dhokogette	dhokogult	dhokogyzsda	dhokogysztu
1P Excl. Femm.	zsokoge	zsokogjol	zsokogyzso	zsokogyszy	zsokogetjel	zsokogette	zsokogult	zsokogyzsda	zsokogysztu
2P Masc.	kythkoge	kythkogjol	kythkogyzso	kythkogyszy	kythkogetjel	kythkogette	kythkogult	kythkogyzsda	kythkogysztu
2P Femm.	sztekoge	sztekogjol	sztekogyzso	sztekogyszy	sztekogetjel	sztekogette	sztekogult	sztekogyzsda	sztekogysztu
3P Masc.	tszykoge	tszykogjol	tszykogyzso	tszykogyszy	tszykogetjel	tszykogette	tszykogult	tszykogyzsda	tszykogysztu
3P Fem.	thtekoge	thtekogjol	thtekogyzso	thtekogyszy	thtekogetjel	thtekogette	thtekogult	thtekogyzsda	thtekogysztu

The same observations made with the indefinite forms about uses apply here (and in all other forms): Tulfasyzdor, most of Gorjanor, and SE Karynaktjor do not distinguish 2Sm and 2Sf; Askandor does not use 2P forms.
The 1S object affix is va-, but assumes the form v- before single consonants (apart v itself); in many dialects, including Skyrdegan Skyrdagor, it is often pronounced as [u] before voiceless consonants, e.g. vkogjol [uˈkɔʝɔl] (Skyrdegan), [uˈkɔdʒoː] (Karynaktjor) "you see me". avkog is the reflexive.

Numerals

Skyrdagor numerals are decimal and fairly regularly formed, but their complexity lies in having different forms for counting people, non-people, and general numbers. Another complexity is the orthography, as the numbers are written fully but pronunciation has often considerably modified them.

Digit	Disjunctive	Pronunciation	Non-human	Pronunciation	Human	Pronunciation
0	gozd	[gɔzd]
1	yszp	[ɯsp]	rjaka	[rjakə] or [rjag]	kjodh	[ɕɔð]
2	skeg	[ɧɛː] or [ɧa]	skejsa	[ɧɛjʃ]	ylvop	[uːˈwɔp]
3	thus	[θuʃ]	thus	[θuʃ]	thusnydh	[θuʃnɯ(ð)]
4	thlegdhen	[θlɛðən]	thlogek	[θlɔjk]	thlegdhnydh	[θlɛðnɯ(ð)]
5	arsz	[ɚs]	arsk	[ɚʃ(k)]	arsnydh	[ɚʃnɯ(ð)]
6	hszez	[xsɛz]	hszak	[xsak]	hszejnydh	[xsɛjnɯ(ð)]
7	noth	[nɔθ]	noth	[nɔθ]	nodhnydh	[nɔðnɯ(ð)]
8	nyski	[nɯɧ]	nyski	[nɯɧ]	nysknydh	[nɯʃnɯ(ð)]
9	kjorsth	[ɕɚʃ(ː)]	kjorsk	[ɕɚʃk]	kjethnydh	[ɕɛθnɯ(ð)]
10	skid	[ɧid]	skid	[ɧid]	skatszka	[skatska]

These are the basic digits used: numbers inside tens are formed by using one of these followed by el (over) and the combining form of the multiple of ten (replace -id with -a). For example, if "two", "two apples", "two women" are skeg, skejsa vzsok, and ylvop lezsa respectively, "twelve", "twelve apples", "twelve women" are skeg el ska, skejsa vzsok el ska, and ylvop lezsa el ska. All of these forms, however, are very varying in pronunciation:

Digit	Number	Pronunciation
11	yszp el ska	[ɯsfəlʃkə]
12	skeg el ska	[ɧɛlʃkə]
13	thus el ska	[θuʃəlʃkə]
14	thlegdhen el ska	[θlɛðləʃkə]
15	arsz el ska	[ɚsəlʃkə]
16	hszez el ska	[xsɛʃʃkə]
17	noth el ska	[nɔθləʃkə]
18	nyski el ska	[nɯɧilɕkə]
19	kjorsth el ska	[ɕɚʃəlʃkə]
20	szrogy	[ɧrɔː]
21	yszp el szroga	[ɯsfəlɧrɔː]
30	thusatskid	[θuɕːid]
31	yszp el thusatska	[ɯsfəlθuʃʃə]
40	thlegskid	[θlɛɧid]
50	arsskid	[ɚɧid]
60	hszezsskid	[xsɛʒid]
70	nothskid	[nɔɧid]
80	nyskskid	[nɯɧid]
90	kjorsthskid	[ɕɚɧid]
100	prog	[prɔ]

Numbers above 100 are simply made by using the 1-99 one followed by zy prog (and hundred [zɯˈprɔ]). The hundreds are simply prog skeg, prog thus, prog thlegdhen and so on. Similarly, 1000 is melbryk [mɛlbrɯk], 1001 is yszp zy melbryk, 2000 is melbryk skeg etc.

As an example, 2743 translates as thus el thlegska zy prog noth zy melbryk skeg, pronounced [ˈθuʃəlθlɛʃkə zɯprɔˈnɔθ zɯˈmɛlbrɯˌɧa]. "2743 women" is thusnydh lezsa el thlegska zy prog noth zy melbryk skeg [θuʃnɯ(ð) ˈlɛʒa‿lˈθlɛʃkə zɯprɔˈnɔθ zɯˈmɛlbrɯˌɧa].

Syntax