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| color=#F00C1A | | color=#F00C1A | ||
| population= 110 | | population= 110 | ||
| genders = 0 | | genders = 0 (3rd-sg pronouns) | ||
| cases= 0 | | cases= 0 (except on pronouns) | ||
| word-order= V2 | | word-order= V2 | ||
| Type= Fusional | | Type= Fusional | ||
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| flag=Flag of Folkspraak.svg | | flag=Flag of Folkspraak.svg | ||
}} | }} | ||
http://folksprak.org | |||
== Anthropology == | == Anthropology == | ||
{{Main|Folksprak/Anthropology}} | |||
The language can easily be understood by any speaker of a Germanic language (a group numbering over 110 million native speakers with an additional 300 to 900 million speaking English which is nearly-Germanic) without much teaching. For example, a native speaker of German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Afrikaans, Yiddish or some other Germanic language, can understand a sentence like {{Rune|ᛁᛣᛣ ᚻᚪᚹ ᛋᛣᚱᛁᚹᛏ ᛖᚾ ᛞᛖ ᛒᚢᛣ}}/Ik hav skrivt en de buk with little or no thought. | The language can easily be understood by any speaker of a Germanic language (a group numbering over 110 million native speakers with an additional 300 to 900 million speaking English which is nearly-Germanic) without much teaching. For example, a native speaker of German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, Afrikaans, Yiddish or some other Germanic language, can understand a sentence like {{Rune|ᛁᛣᛣ ᚻᚪᚹ ᛋᛣᚱᛁᚹᛏ ᛖᚾ ᛞᛖ ᛒᚢᛣ}}/Ik hav skrivt en de buk with little or no thought. | ||
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== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
{{Main|Folksprak/Phonology}} | |||
The rhotic varies across the region, and '''h''' is sometimes voiced, but neither of these pose a problem to intelligibility. Icelandic-speakers would have to learn the traditional voiced-unvoiced distinction whatever language they wanted to learn! | The rhotic varies across the region, and '''h''' is sometimes voiced, but neither of these pose a problem to intelligibility. Icelandic-speakers would have to learn the traditional voiced-unvoiced distinction whatever language they wanted to learn! | ||
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== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
{{Main|Folksprak/Orthography}} | |||
=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
English [th] and [z] are rather late additions to the alphabet, and not part of Folksprak today. There are, in fact, many such letters which would be needed for place names around Europe. {{Rune|ᛊ}}/'''Z''', {{Rune|ᛢ}}/'''Q''', {{Rune|ᛝ}}/'''Ŋ''', and {{Rune|ᚦ}}/'''Þ''' are not productive and part of "historic" name spellings only. Swedish /ɧ/ may be written {{Rune|ᚺ}}. (Other "old" letters include {{Rune|ᛠ}}/'''Ä''', {{Rune|ᚫ}}/'''Æ''', {{Rune|ᛡ}}/'''Ï''', {{Rune|ᛥ}}/'''ST''', {{Rune|ᚸ}}/'''Ȝ''', and {{Rune|ᛤ}}/'''KK'''.) | English [th] and [z] are rather late additions to the alphabet, and not part of Folksprak today. There are, in fact, many such letters which would be needed for place names around Europe. {{Rune|ᛊ}}/'''Z''', {{Rune|ᛢ}}/'''Q''', {{Rune|ᛝ}}/'''Ŋ''', and {{Rune|ᚦ}}/'''Þ''' are not productive and part of "historic" name spellings only. Swedish /ɧ/ may be written {{Rune|ᚺ}}. (Other "old" letters include {{Rune|ᛠ}}/'''Ä''', {{Rune|ᚫ}}/'''Æ''', {{Rune|ᛡ}}/'''Ï''', {{Rune|ᛥ}}/'''ST''', {{Rune|ᚸ}}/'''Ȝ''', and {{Rune|ᛤ}}/'''KK'''.) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
== | == Morphophonology == | ||
* definite article {{ | {{Main|Folksprak/Morphophonology}} | ||
* indefinite article {{ | * definite article {{term|ᛞᛖ}}/de | ||
* possessive (genitive) ending {{ | * indefinite article {{term|ᛖᚾ}}/en, same as 'one' (different vowel length) | ||
* plural ending {{ | * possessive (genitive) ending {{term|-ᛋ}}/s | ||
* plural ending {{term|-ᛖᚾ}}/en (pronounced enn) | |||
* Adjectives do not inflect for number, gender, or case | * Adjectives do not inflect for number, gender, or case | ||
* comparative adjective ending {{ | * comparative adjective ending {{term|-ᛖᚱ}}/er (pronounced err) | ||
* superlative adjective ending {{ | * superlative adjective ending {{term|-ᛖᛋᛏ}}/est | ||
* ordinal number suffix {{ | * ordinal number suffix {{term|-ᛞᛖ}}/de | ||
{{ | {{term|ᛗᚪᚾᚾ}}mann ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾmannen | ||
ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛋmanns ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾᛋmannens | ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛋmanns ᛗᚪᚾᚾᛖᚾᛋmannens | ||
== | == Morphosyntax == | ||
{{Main|Folksprak/Morphosyntax}} | |||
# the Subject may not be separated from the finite verb by any other word. | # the Subject may not be separated from the finite verb by any other word. | ||
# the ordinary position for the verb in a declarative sentence is as second element and in imperatives or questions as the first element. | # the ordinary position for the verb in a declarative sentence is as second element and in imperatives or questions as the first element. | ||
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! rowspan="4" | Singular | ! rowspan="4" | Singular | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛣᛣ}}}} '''ikk''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᚢ}}}} '''du''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁ}}}} '''hi''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁ}}}} '''si''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛏᛏ}}}} '''itt''' || {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛁᚾ}}}} '''min''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛁᚾ}}}} '''din''' || rowspan="2" | {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᛋᛋ}}}} '''hiss''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᚱ}}}} '''hir''' || rowspan="2" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛏᛋ}}}} '''its''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾ}}}} '''sin''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Poss. | ! Poss. | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''mins''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''dins''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᚱᛋ}}}} '''hirs''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''sins''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛁ}}}} '''mi''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛁ}}}} '''di''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᛗᛗ}}}} '''himm''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᛁᚱᚱ}}}} '''hirr''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛁᛏᛏ}}}} '''itt''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚷ}}}} '''sig''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Plural | ! rowspan="4" | Plural | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᚹᛁ}}}} '''vi''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᛁ}}}} '''ji''' | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛁ}}}} '''dei''' | ||
| {{No}} | | {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᚢᚱ}}}} '''ur''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᚢᚱ}}}} '''jur''' | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛁᚱ}}}} '''deir''' | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾ}}}} '''sin''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Poss. | ! Poss. | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᚢᚱᛋ}}}} '''urs''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᚢᚱᛋ}}}} '''jurs''' | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛁᚱᛋ}}}} '''deirs''' | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚾᛋ}}}} '''sins''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᚢᛋ}}}} '''us''' || {{Rune|{{term|ᛄᚢ}}}} '''ju''' | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᛖᛗᛗ}}}} '''demm''' | ||
| {{Rune|{{ | | {{Rune|{{term|ᛋᛁᚷ}}}} '''sig''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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** {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}'''vare''' - infin.; {{Rune|ᚪᚱ}}'''ar''' - pres.; {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱ}}'''var''' - imper.,preterite; | ** {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}'''vare''' - infin.; {{Rune|ᚪᚱ}}'''ar''' - pres.; {{Rune|ᚹᚪᚱ}}'''var''' - imper.,preterite; | ||
* Auxiliaries abound, normally with infin., but sometimes past part. | * Auxiliaries abound, normally with infin., but sometimes past part. | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᚹᛁᛚᛚᛖ}}}}'''ville''' + infin. = future | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᚻᚪᚹᛖ}}}} '''have''' + PP = perfect | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᚹᚪᚱᛖ}}}} '''vare''' + PP = passive | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᛞᚢᚱᚠᛖ}}}}'''durfe''' to be allowed | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᛣᚢᚾᚾᛖ}}}} '''kunne''' can | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᚪᚷᛖ}}}} '''mage''' might, may | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᛗᛟᛏᛖ}}}} '''møte''' must | ||
** {{Rune|{{ | ** {{Rune|{{term|ᚳᚢᛚᛚᛖ}}}} '''culle''' should | ||
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Adverb making suffix: -{{Rune|ᛚᛁᛣ}}'''lik''' (cp. English -ly). Elatives need {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᚱ]]}}'''mer''' more and {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᛋᛏ]]}}'''mest''' most | Adverb making suffix: -{{Rune|ᛚᛁᛣ}}'''lik''' (cp. English -ly). Elatives need {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᚱ]]}}'''mer''' more and {{Rune|[[ᛗᛖᛋᛏ]]}}'''mest''' most | ||
== Lexicography == | |||
{{Main|Folksprak/Lexicography}} | |||
see also [[Folksprak/Swadesh]] | |||
[[Category:Folksprak]] | [[Category:Folksprak]] | ||
[[Category:Universal Languages]] | [[Category:Universal Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Languages]] |