Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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| x~χ ⟨ch⟩ | | x~χ ⟨ch⟩ | ||
| ħ~ʜ~ʢ ⟨ħ⟩ | | ħ~ʜ~ʢ ⟨ħ⟩ | ||
| h | | h~ɦ ⟨h⟩ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Affricate | ! style="" |Affricate | ||
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| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | |||
[ʔ] may occur only in morpheme boundaries. | |||
====Conditioned allophony==== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 570px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 120px; "|Phoneme | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Allophone | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Condition(s) | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2"| /ħ/ | |||
| [ħ~ʜ] | |||
| #_, C[+voiceless]_ | |||
|- | |||
| [ʡ~ʢ] | |||
| V_V, C[+voiced]_ | |||
|- | |||
| /h/ | |||
| [ɦ] | |||
| V_V, C[+voiced]_ | |||
|- | |||
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced] | |||
| C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] | |||
| _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced] | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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The pitch accent of a word consists of two components: the lexical tone, and the position of the downstep (the latter is confined to appear after the 3rd-to-last mora). A high-tone word is consistently high until the downstep, whereafter the pitch drops sharply. A low-tone word starts low and has the highest pitch at the tonic mora, which is immediately before the downstep. | The pitch accent of a word consists of two components: the lexical tone, and the position of the downstep (the latter is confined to appear after the 3rd-to-last mora). A high-tone word is consistently high until the downstep, whereafter the pitch drops sharply. A low-tone word starts low and has the highest pitch at the tonic mora, which is immediately before the downstep. | ||
The following | The following are the rules governing the marking Themsaran pitch accent: | ||
#High lexical tone is marked in the initial syllable; low tone is not marked, unless necessitated by rule 2. | #High lexical tone is marked in the initial syllable; low tone is not marked, unless necessitated by rule 2. | ||
#The tonic syllable is always marked: | #The tonic syllable is always marked: | ||
| Line 192: | Line 215: | ||
#If the first syllable has high tone and precedes a downstep, the second syllable is marked as low. | #If the first syllable has high tone and precedes a downstep, the second syllable is marked as low. | ||
If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. | If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. In [[w:Pausa|pausa]], a word final high short syllable is realized as a falling, short vowel. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
| Line 550: | Line 572: | ||
====Personal==== | ====Personal==== | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, | Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. There are also several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions. | ||
====Active==== | ====Active==== | ||
=====Monopersonal affixes===== | =====Monopersonal affixes===== | ||
Revision as of 05:46, 29 July 2013
| Tigol/Proto-Tigol gávthȁ themsármā | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Fusional | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alignment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative-accusative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Head direction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Initial | Mixed | Final | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Primary word order | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Verb-subject-object | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Declensions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conjugations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background
The Themsaran language constitutes a separate branch of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. The language possesses strongly head-initial syntax, head-marking in both clauses and possessive NPs, mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax. This article describes Classical Themsaran.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | (ʡ) | (ʔ) | ||||
| Fricative | f v | θ ⟨th⟩ | s z | ʃ ⟨š⟩ ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | x~χ ⟨ch⟩ | ħ~ʜ~ʢ ⟨ħ⟩ | h~ɦ ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Affricate | tʃ ⟨ť⟩ | ||||||||
| Approximant | (ʋ) | j | |||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||
| Lateral app. | l | ʎ ⟨ļ⟩ |
[ʔ] may occur only in morpheme boundaries.
Conditioned allophony
| Phoneme | Allophone | Condition(s) |
|---|---|---|
| /ħ/ | [ħ~ʜ] | #_, C[+voiceless]_ |
| [ʡ~ʢ] | V_V, C[+voiced]_ | |
| /h/ | [ɦ] | V_V, C[+voiced]_ |
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced] | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced] |
Vowels
Themaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora, and long vowels have two morae.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ī⟩ | ʉ ⟨y⟩ ʉː ⟨ȳ⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨ū⟩ |
| Mid | e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ē⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨ō⟩ | |
| Open | a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨ā⟩ |
The following are the diphthongs, all falling: /ai au ei ie~ia uo~ua/ ⟨ai au ei ie ua⟩. All diphthongs are bimoraic.
Pitch accent
Pitch accent, or tone, is phonemic in Themsaran. The following is the notation for tones:
| Short | Long | Diphthong | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unmarked | a | ā | ai |
| High | á | a̋ | ái |
| Low | à | ȁ | ài |
| Falling | - | â | âi |
| Rising | - | ǎ | ǎi |
The pitch accent of a word consists of two components: the lexical tone, and the position of the downstep (the latter is confined to appear after the 3rd-to-last mora). A high-tone word is consistently high until the downstep, whereafter the pitch drops sharply. A low-tone word starts low and has the highest pitch at the tonic mora, which is immediately before the downstep.
The following are the rules governing the marking Themsaran pitch accent:
- High lexical tone is marked in the initial syllable; low tone is not marked, unless necessitated by rule 2.
- The tonic syllable is always marked:
- If the downstep occurs after a long syllable (syllable with a long vowel or diphthong), the syllable is rising in a low-tone word, and high in a high-tone word.
- If the downstep occurs between the two morae of a long syllable, the syllable has falling tone.
- If the first syllable has high tone and precedes a downstep, the second syllable is marked as low.
If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. In pausa, a word final high short syllable is realized as a falling, short vowel.
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Nouns
Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between the absolute possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the conjunct possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor.
First declension
The first declension consists primarily of masculine nouns.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |||||
| Unpossessed | ||||||||
| 1sg | ||||||||
| 2sg.m | ||||||||
| 2sg.f | ||||||||
| 3sg.m | ||||||||
| 3sg.f | ||||||||
| 4sg.m | ||||||||
| 4sg.f | ||||||||
| 1ex | ||||||||
| 1in | ||||||||
| 2pl.m | ||||||||
| 2pl.f | ||||||||
| 3pl.m | ||||||||
| 3pl.f | ||||||||
| 4pl.m | ||||||||
| 4pl.f | ||||||||
Second declension
The second declension consists primarily of feminine nouns.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |||||
| Unpossessed | ||||||||
| 1sg | ||||||||
| 2sg.m | ||||||||
| 2sg.f | ||||||||
| 3sg.m | ||||||||
| 3sg.f | ||||||||
| 4sg.m | ||||||||
| 4sg.f | ||||||||
| 1ex | ||||||||
| 1in | ||||||||
| 2pl.m | ||||||||
| 2pl.f | ||||||||
| 3pl.m | ||||||||
| 3pl.f | ||||||||
| 4pl.m | ||||||||
| 4pl.f | ||||||||
Third declension
The third declension consists mainly of mass, collective and abstract nouns of both genders.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |||||
| Unpossessed | ||||||||
| 1sg | ||||||||
| 2sg.m | ||||||||
| 2sg.f | ||||||||
| 3sg.m | ||||||||
| 3sg.f | ||||||||
| 4sg.m | ||||||||
| 4sg.f | ||||||||
| 1ex | ||||||||
| 1in | ||||||||
| 2pl.m | ||||||||
| 2pl.f | ||||||||
| 3pl.m | ||||||||
| 3pl.f | ||||||||
| 4pl.m | ||||||||
| 4pl.f | ||||||||
Tonal patterns of nominals
Irregular nouns
Adjectives
Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns.
Declension
Degree
Irregular adjectives
Pronouns
Personal
Verbs
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. There are also several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions.
Active
Monopersonal affixes
Bipersonal affixes
Mediopassive
Monopersonal affixes
Bipersonal affixes
Periphrastic TAMs
Tonal patterns
Applicative
Prepositions
Numerals
Syntax
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb.