Togarmite/Old

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛː eː ɪ~ɛ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Inflection

Pronouns

• 1sg: ʔanėχ
• 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔaθθi (f)
• 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
• 1pl: naħnė
• 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔaθθin (f)
• 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

• yōm tėb = a good day
• yōman tėban = the good day
• yōmėþ tėbīn = good days
• yōmėþil tėbīl = the good days
• φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
• φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
• φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
• φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:

1. φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
4. haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
5. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
6. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝal

Semantics: basic action

past tense: φaȝalθe, φaȝalθa, φaȝalθi, φaȝal, φaȝalθ, φaȝalnė, φaȝalθum, φaȝalθin, φaȝalū, φaȝalė

non-past tense: ʔaφȝōl, taφȝōl, taφȝulī, yaφȝōl, yaφȝulī, naφȝōl, taφȝulū, taφȝulė, yaφȝulū, yaφȝulė

optative: ʔaφȝulanna, taφȝulanna, taφȝulīnna, yaφȝulanna, yaφȝulīnna, naφȝulanna, taφȝulūnna, taφȝulėnna, yaφȝulūnna, yaφȝulėnna

imperative: φaȝōl! φaȝlī! φaȝlū! φaȝlė!

participle: φėȝēl

VN: φiȝėl

Example: hamal 'to suffer', žaχar 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: hiφφuȝāl

future tense: hiφφuȝalθe, hiφφuȝalθa, hiφφuȝalθi, hiφφuȝāl, hiφφuȝālθ, hiφφuȝalnē, hiφφuȝalθum, hiφφuȝalθin, hiφφuȝalū, hiφφuȝalē

present tense: ʔiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilī, yiφφāȝēl, yiφφāȝilī, niφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilū, tiφφāȝilē, yiφφāȝilū, yiφφāȝilē

past tense: ʔiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalī, yiφφuȝāl, yiφφuȝalī, niφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalū, tiφφuȝalē, yiφφuȝalū, yiφφuȝalē

imperative: hiφφuȝāl! hiφφuȝalī! hiφφuȝalū! hiφφuȝalē!

participle: miφφuȝāl

VN: hiφφuȝālθ

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs

Examples:

• žaχχēr 'to record'
• nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
• nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
• θargēm 'to translate'

future tense: φaȝȝilθe, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē

present tense: ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝilē, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝilē

past tense: ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝilē, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝilē

imperative: φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝilē!

participle: muφaȝȝēl

verbal noun: φaȝȝūl

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Example: hažχēr 'to remind'

Binyan 4A: haθφaȝal

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions

Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"

Examples:

• hastažχēr 'to make note of'
• hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Numerals

1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.