Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions
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#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem | #''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem | ||
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem | #''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem | ||
====Binyan 1A: '' | ====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''χaθāb'' 'to write' | |||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp | |||
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp | |||
|- | |||
! past | |||
| ''χaθabθī'' | |||
| ''χaθabθa'' | |||
| ''χaθabθi'' | |||
| ''χaθāb'' | |||
| ''χaθabθ'' | |||
| ''χaθabnė'' | |||
| ''χaθabθum'' | |||
| ''χaθabθin'' | |||
| ''χaθābū'' | |||
| ''χaθābė'' | |||
|- | |||
! subjunctive | |||
| ''waχaθabθī'' | |||
| ''waχaθabθa'' | |||
| ''waχaθabθi'' | |||
| ''waχaθāb'' | |||
| ''waχaθabθ'' | |||
| ''waχaθabnė'' | |||
| ''waχaθabθum'' | |||
| ''waχaθabθin'' | |||
| ''waχaθābū'' | |||
| ''waχaθābė'' | |||
|- | |||
! present | |||
| ''aχėθōb'' | |||
| ''θaχėθōb'' | |||
| ''θaχėθubī'' | |||
| ''yaχėθōb'' | |||
| ''yaχėθubī'' | |||
| ''naχėθōb'' | |||
| ''θaχėθubū'' | |||
| ''θaχėθōbna'' | |||
| ''yaχėθubū'' | |||
| ''yaχėθōbna'' | |||
|- | |||
! future | |||
| ''aχθōb'' | |||
| ''θaχθōb'' | |||
| ''θaχθubī'' | |||
| ''yaχθōb'' | |||
| ''yaχθubī'' | |||
| ''naχθōb'' | |||
| ''θaχθubū'' | |||
| ''θaχθōbna'' | |||
| ''yaχθubū'' | |||
| ''yaχθōbna'' | |||
|- | |||
! optative | |||
| ''aχθubanna'' | |||
| ''θaχθubanna'' | |||
| ''θaχθubīnna'' | |||
| ''yaχθubanna'' | |||
| ''yaχθubīnna'' | |||
| ''naχθubanna'' | |||
| ''θaχθubūnna'' | |||
| ''θaχθubnanna'' | |||
| ''yaχθubūnna'' | |||
| ''yaχθubnanna'' | |||
|- | |||
! imperative | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''χuθōb!'' | |||
| ''χuθbī!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''χuθbū!'' | |||
| ''χuθōbna!'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
| ''-'' | |||
|- | |||
! active participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''χėθēb'' | |||
|- | |||
! passive participle | |||
|colspan=10| ''maχθūb'' | |||
|- | |||
! verbal noun | |||
|colspan=10| ''χiθėb'' | |||
|} | |||
Semantics: basic action | Semantics: basic action | ||
Revision as of 03:09, 22 August 2019
Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
Phonology
Vowels
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
Inflection
Pronouns
- 1sg: ʔanėχ
- 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔaθθi (f)
- 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
- 1pl: naħnė
- 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔaθθin (f)
- 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)
Nouns
Adjectives
Declension of tėb 'good':
- yawm tėb = a good day
- yawman tėban = the good day
- yawmėþ tėbīn = good days
- yawmėþil tėbīl = the good days
- φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
- φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
- φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
- φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
Verbs
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:
- φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
- φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
- haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
- haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
- θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
- hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem
Binyan 1A: φaȝāl
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
past | χaθabθī | χaθabθa | χaθabθi | χaθāb | χaθabθ | χaθabnė | χaθabθum | χaθabθin | χaθābū | χaθābė |
subjunctive | waχaθabθī | waχaθabθa | waχaθabθi | waχaθāb | waχaθabθ | waχaθabnė | waχaθabθum | waχaθabθin | waχaθābū | waχaθābė |
present | aχėθōb | θaχėθōb | θaχėθubī | yaχėθōb | yaχėθubī | naχėθōb | θaχėθubū | θaχėθōbna | yaχėθubū | yaχėθōbna |
future | aχθōb | θaχθōb | θaχθubī | yaχθōb | yaχθubī | naχθōb | θaχθubū | θaχθōbna | yaχθubū | yaχθōbna |
optative | aχθubanna | θaχθubanna | θaχθubīnna | yaχθubanna | yaχθubīnna | naχθubanna | θaχθubūnna | θaχθubnanna | yaχθubūnna | yaχθubnanna |
imperative | - | χuθōb! | χuθbī! | - | - | - | χuθbū! | χuθōbna! | - | - |
active participle | χėθēb | |||||||||
passive participle | maχθūb | |||||||||
verbal noun | χiθėb |
Semantics: basic action
past tense: φaȝalθī, φaȝalθa, φaȝalθi, φaȝal, φaȝalθ, φaȝalnė, φaȝalθum, φaȝalθin, φaȝalū, φaȝalė
non-past tense: ʔaφȝōl, taφȝōl, taφȝulī, yaφȝōl, yaφȝulī, naφȝōl, taφȝulū, taφȝulna, yaφȝulū, yaφȝulna
optative: ʔaφȝulanna, taφȝulanna, taφȝulīnna, yaφȝulanna, yaφȝulīnna, naφȝulanna, taφȝulūnna, taφȝulnanna, yaφȝulūnna, yaφȝulnanna
imperative: φuȝōl! φuȝlī! φuȝlū! φuȝulna!
participle: φėȝēl
VN: φiȝėl
Example: hamal 'to suffer', žaχar 'to remember'
Binyan 1P: hiφφuȝāl
future tense: hiφφuȝalθī, hiφφuȝalθa, hiφφuȝalθi, hiφφuȝāl, hiφφuȝālθ, hiφφuȝalnē, hiφφuȝalθum, hiφφuȝalθin, hiφφuȝalū, hiφφuȝalē
present tense: ʔiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilī, yiφφāȝēl, yiφφāȝilī, niφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilū, tiφφāȝelna, yiφφāȝilū, yiφφāȝelna
past tense: ʔiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalī, yiφφuȝāl, yiφφuȝalī, niφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalū, tiφφuȝalna, yiφφuȝalū, yiφφuȝalna
imperative: hiφφuȝāl! hiφφuȝalī! hiφφuȝalū! hiφφuȝalna!
participle: miφφuȝāl
VN: hiφφuȝālθ
Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl
Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs
Examples:
- žaχχēr 'to record'
- nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
- nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
- θargēm 'to translate'
future tense: φaȝȝilθī, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē
present tense: ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝelna, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝelna
past tense: ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝelna, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝelna
imperative: φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝelna!
participle: muφaȝȝēl
verbal noun: φaȝȝūl
Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl
Binyan 3A: haφȝēl
Semantics: causative
Example: hažχēr 'to remind'
Binyan 3P: hassuφȝāl
Binyan 4A: haφθaȝal
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
haždaχar = 'to come to mind'
Binyan 4P: haφθuȝāl
Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl
Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions
Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.
Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Binyan 5P: θaφuȝȝāl
Binyan 6: niφθa3āl
Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl
Semantics: "to make oneself X"
Examples:
- hastažχēr 'to make note of'
- hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'
Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl
Numerals
- m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
- m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
- m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
- m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
- m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
- m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
- m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
- m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
- m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
- m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
Syntax
Vocabulary
Derivation
Sample texts
Schleicher
Χabšan wa-φarasīnan
Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:
yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.