Togarmite/Old

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Inflection

Pronouns

• 1sg: ʔanėχ
• 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
• 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
• 1pl: naħnė
• 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
• 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

• yawm tėb = a good day
• yawman tėban = the good day
• yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
• yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
• φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
• φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
• φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
• φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:

1. φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
4. haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
5. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
6. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1 conjugation: χaθāb 'to write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	χaθabθī	χaθabθa	χaθabθi	χaθāb	χaθābaθ	χaθabnė	χaθabθum	χaθabθin	χaθābū	χaθābė
subjunctive	waχaθabθī	waχaθabθa	waχaθabθi	waχaθāb	waχaθābaθ	waχaθabnė	waχaθabθum	waχaθabθin	waχaθābū	waχaθābė
present	ʔaχėθōb	θaχėθōb	θaχėθōbī	yaχėθōb	yaχėθōbī	naχėθōb	θaχėθōbū	θaχėθōbna	yaχėθōbū	yaχėθōbna
future	ʔaχθōb	θaχθōb	θaχθōbī	yaχθōb	yaχθōbī	naχθōb	θaχθōbū	θaχθōbna	yaχθōbū	yaχθōbna
optative	ʔaχθubanna	θaχθubanna	θaχθubīnna	yaχθubanna	yaχθubīnna	naχθubanna	θaχθubūnna	θaχθubnanna	yaχθubūnna	yaχθubnanna
imperative	-	χuθōb!	χuθbī!	-	-	-	χuθbū!	χuθōbna!	-	-
active participle	χėθēb
passive participle	maχθūb
verbal noun	χiθėb

Example: hamāl 'to suffer', žaχār 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nufȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1 conjugation: nugdāl 'to grow'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	nugdalθī	nugdalθa	nugdalθi	nugdāl	nugdālaθ	nugdalnė	nugdalθum	nugdalθin	nugdālū	nugdālė
subjunctive	wanugdalθī	wanugdalθa	wanugdalθi	wanugdāl	wanugdālaθ	wanugdalnė	wanugdalθum	wanugdalθin	wanugdālū	wanugdālė
present	ʔaggėdāl	θaggėdāl	θaggėdalī	yaggėdāl	yaggėdālī	naggėdāl	θaggėdālū	θaggėdalna	yaggėdālū	yaggėdalna
future	ʔaggudāl	θaggudāl	θaggudālī	yaggudāl	yaggudālī	naggudāl	θaggudālū	θaggudalna	yaggudālū	yaggudalna
optative	ʔaggudalanna	θaggudalanna	θaggudalīnna	yaggudalanna	yaggudalīnna	naggudalanna	θaggudalūnna	θaggudalnanna	yaggudalūnna	yaggudalnanna
imperative	-	higgudāl!	higgudālī!	-	-	-	higgudālū!	higgudalna!	-	-
participle	muggudāl
verbal noun	nugdėl, higgadėl, higgadūl

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs

Examples:

• žaχχēr 'to record'
• nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
• nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
• θargēm 'to translate'
• raθθēm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')

Binyan 1 conjugation: žaχχēr 'to record; to cause to remember'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žaχχirθī	žaχχirθa	žaχχirθi	žaχχēr	žaχχēraθ	žaχχirnė	žaχχirθum	žaχχirθin	žaχχērū	žaχχērė
subjunctive	wažaχχirθī	wažaχχirθa	wažaχχirθi	wažaχχēr	wažaχχēraθ	wažaχχirnė	wažaχχirθum	wažaχχirθin	wažaχχērū	wažaχχērė
present	ʔužχėχēr	θužχėχēr	θužχėχērī	yužχėχēr	yužχėχērī	nužχėχēr	θužχėχērū	θužχėχirna	yužχėχērū	yužχėχirna
future	ʔužaχχēr	θužaχχēr	θužaχχērī	yužaχχēr	yužaχχērī	nužaχχēr	θužaχχērū	θužaχχirna	yužaχχērū	yužaχχirna
optative	ʔužaχχiranna	θužaχχiranna	θužaχχirīnna	yužaχχiranna	yužaχχirīnna	nužaχχiranna	θužaχχirūnna	θužaχχirnanna	yužaχχirūnna	yužaχχirnanna
imperative	-	žaχχēr!	žaχχērī!	-	-	-	žaχχērū!	žaχχirna!	-	-
participle	mužaχχēr
verbal noun	žaχχūr, žaχχarθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 1 conjugation: žuχχār 'to be recorded'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žuχχarθī	žuχχarθa	žuχχarθi	žuχχār	žuχχāraθ	žuχχarnė	žuχχarθum	žuχχarθin	žuχχārū	žuχχārė
subjunctive	wažuχχarθī	wažuχχarθa	wažuχχarθi	wažuχχār	wažuχχāraθ	wažuχχarnė	wažuχχarθum	wažuχχarθin	wažuχχārū	wažuχχārė
present	ʔužχėχār	θužχėχār	θužχėχārī	yužχėχār	yužχėχārī	nužχėχār	θužχėχārū	θužχėχarna	yužχėχārū	yužχėχarna
future	ʔužuχχār	θužuχχār	θužuχχārī	yužuχχār	yužuχχārī	nužuχχār	θužuχχārū	θužuχχarna	yužuχχārū	yužuχχarna
optative	ʔužuχχaranna	θužuχχaranna	θužuχχarīnna	yužuχχaranna	yužuχχarīnna	nužuχχaranna	θužuχχarūnna	θužuχχarnanna	yužuχχarūnna	yužuχχarnanna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mužuχχār
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Example: hažχēr 'to remind'

Binyan 4A: haφθaȝal

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions

Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"

Examples:

• hastažχēr 'to make note of'
• hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Numerals

1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.