Togarmite/Old

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Inflection

Pronouns

• 1sg: ʔanėχ
• 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
• 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
• 1pl: naħnė
• 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
• 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

• yawm tėb = a good day
• yawman tėban = the good day
• yawmėþ tėbīn = good days
• yawmėþil tėbīl = the good days
• φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
• φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
• φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
• φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:

1. φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl - G/N-stem
2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
4. haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
5. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
6. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1 conjugation: χaθāb 'to write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	χaθabθī	χaθabθa	χaθabθi	χaθāb	χaθābaθ	χaθabnė	χaθabθum	χaθabθin	χaθābū	χaθābė
subjunctive	waχaθabθī	waχaθabθa	waχaθabθi	waχaθāb	waχaθābaθ	waχaθabnė	waχaθabθum	waχaθabθin	waχaθābū	waχaθābė
present	ʔaχėθōb	θaχėθōb	θaχėθōbī	yaχėθōb	yaχėθōbī	naχėθōb	θaχėθōbū	θaχėθōbna	yaχėθōbū	yaχėθōbna
future	ʔaχθōb	θaχθōb	θaχθōbī	yaχθōb	yaχθōbī	naχθōb	θaχθōbū	θaχθōbna	yaχθōbū	yaχθōbna
optative	ʔaχθubanna	θaχθubanna	θaχθubīnna	yaχθubanna	yaχθubīnna	naχθubanna	θaχθubūnna	θaχθubnanna	yaχθubūnna	yaχθubnanna
imperative	-	χuθōb!	χuθbī!	-	-	-	χuθbū!	χuθōbna!	-	-
active participle	χėθēb
passive participle	maχθūb
verbal noun	χiθėb

Example: hamāl 'to suffer', žaχār 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nufȝāl

Binyan 1 conjugation: nugdāl 'to grow'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	nugdalθī	nugdalθa	nugdalθi	nugdāl	nugdalθ	nugdalnė	nugdalθum	nugdalθin	nugdalū	nugdalė
subjunctive	wanugdalθī	wanugdalθa	wanugdalθi	wanugdāl	wanugdalθ	wanugdalnė	wanugdalθum	wanugdalθin	wanugdalū	wanugdalė
present	ʔiggėdāl	θiggėdāl	θiggėdalī	yiggėdāl	yiggėdālī	niggėdāl	θiggėdalū	θiggėdalė	yiggėdalū	yiggėdalė
future	ʔiggudāl	θiggudāl	θiggudalī	yiggudāl	yiggudālī	niggudāl	θiggudalū	θiggudalė	yiggudalū	yiggudalė
optative	aχθubanna	θaχθubanna	θaχθubīnna	yaχθubanna	yaχθubīnna	naχθubanna	θaχθubūnna	θaχθubnanna	yaχθubūnna	yaχθubnanna
imperative	-	χuθōb!	χuθbī!	-	-	-	χuθbū!	χuθōbna!	-	-
active participle	χėθēb
passive participle	maχθūb
verbal noun	χiθėb

future tense: hiφφuȝalθī, hiφφuȝalθa, hiφφuȝalθi, hiφφuȝāl, hiφφuȝālθ, hiφφuȝalnē, hiφφuȝalθum, hiφφuȝalθin, hiφφuȝalū, hiφφuȝalē

present tense: ʔiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilī, yiφφāȝēl, yiφφāȝilī, niφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilū, tiφφāȝelna, yiφφāȝilū, yiφφāȝelna

past tense: ʔiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalī, yiφφuȝāl, yiφφuȝalī, niφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalū, tiφφuȝalna, yiφφuȝalū, yiφφuȝalna

imperative: hiφφuȝāl! hiφφuȝalī! hiφφuȝalū! hiφφuȝalna!

participle: miφφuȝāl

VN: hiφφuȝālθ

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs

Examples:

• žaχχēr 'to record'
• nahhēh 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
• nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out'
• θargēm 'to translate'

future tense: φaȝȝilθī, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē

present tense: ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝelna, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝelna

past tense: ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝelna, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝelna

imperative: φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝelna!

participle: muφaȝȝēl

verbal noun: φaȝȝūl

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Example: hažχēr 'to remind'

Binyan 4A: haφθaȝal

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 5A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions

Verbs of this binyan do not always have passives.

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"

Examples:

• hastažχēr 'to make note of'
• hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Numerals

1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.