Togarmite/Old/Gzarot: Difference between revisions

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===''faȝāl''===
===''faȝāl''===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:1000px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''watā́r'' 'he remained'
|+ ''waθā́r'' 'he remained'
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style=""| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="" | 1sg
! style="" | 1sg
Line 21: Line 21:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''watárθī''
| ''waθárθī''
| ''watárθa''
| ''waθárθa''
| ''watárθe''
| ''waθárθe''
| ''watā́r''  
| ''waθā́r''  
| ''watā́raθ''  
| ''waθā́raθ''  
| ''watárnė''
| ''waθárnė''
| ''watárθum''  
| ''waθárθum''  
| ''watárθin''  
| ''waθárθin''  
| ''watārū''  
| ''waθārū''  
| ''watárna''
| ''waθárna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔėtḗr''
| ''ʔėθḗr''
| ''θėtḗr''
| ''θėθḗr''
| ''θėtḗrī''
| ''θėθḗrī''
| ''yėtḗr''
| ''yėθḗr''
| ''yėtḗrī''
| ''yėθḗrī''
| ''nėtḗr''
| ''nėθḗr''
| ''θėtḗrū''
| ''θėθḗrū''
| ''θėtírna''
| ''θėθírna''
| ''yėtḗrū''
| ''yėθḗrū''
| ''yėtírna''
| ''yėθírna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔȯtḗr''
| ''ʔȯθḗr''
| ''θȯtḗr''
| ''θȯθḗr''
| ''θȯtḗrī''
| ''θȯθḗrī''
| ''yȯtḗr''
| ''yȯθḗr''
| ''yȯtḗrī''
| ''yȯθḗrī''
| ''nȯtḗr''
| ''nȯθḗr''
| ''θȯtḗrū''
| ''θȯθḗrū''
| ''θȯtírna''
| ''θȯθírna''
| ''yȯtḗrū''
| ''yȯθḗrū''
| ''yȯtírna''
| ''yȯθírna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔȯtiránna''
| ''ʔȯθiránna''
| ''θȯtiránna''
| ''θȯθiránna''
| ''θȯtirínna''
| ''θȯθirínna''
| ''yȯtiránna''
| ''yȯθiránna''
| ''yȯtirínna''
| ''yȯθirínna''
| ''nȯtiránna''
| ''nȯθiránna''
| ''θȯtirúnna''
| ''θȯθirúnna''
| ''θȯtirnánna''
| ''θȯθirnánna''
| ''yȯtirúnna''
| ''yȯθirúnna''
| ''yȯtirnánna''
| ''yȯθirnánna''
|-
|-
! jussive
! jussive
| ''ʔȯ́tir''
| ''ʔȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́tir''
| ''θȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́tirī''
| ''θȯ́θirī''
| ''yȯ́tir''
| ''yȯ́θir''
| ''yȯ́tirī''
| ''yȯ́θirī''
| ''nȯ́tir''
| ''nȯ́θir''
| ''θȯ́tirū''
| ''θȯ́θirū''
| ''θȯ́tirna''
| ''θȯ́θirna''
| ''yȯ́tirū''
| ''yȯ́θirū''
| ''yȯ́tirna''
| ''yȯ́θirna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''tḗr!''
| ''θḗr!''
| ''tḗrī!''
| ''θḗrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''tḗrū!''
| ''θḗrū!''
| ''tírna!''
| ''θírna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''wėtḗr''
|colspan=10| ''wėθḗr''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''watū́r''
|colspan=10| ''waθū́r''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''witė́r''
|colspan=10| ''wiθė́r''
|}
|}


Revision as of 13:56, 16 September 2019

Gzarot (Hebrew, sg. gizra 'figure, form, pattern') in Togarmite are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

  • the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ ħ h) or a semivowel (y w);
  • the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
  • the consonantal root has 2 letters.

1-y

1-w

faȝāl

waθā́r 'he remained'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past waθárθī waθárθa waθárθe waθā́r waθā́raθ waθárnė waθárθum waθárθin waθārū waθárna
present ʔėθḗr θėθḗr θėθḗrī yėθḗr yėθḗrī nėθḗr θėθḗrū θėθírna yėθḗrū yėθírna
future ʔȯθḗr θȯθḗr θȯθḗrī yȯθḗr yȯθḗrī nȯθḗr θȯθḗrū θȯθírna yȯθḗrū yȯθírna
optative ʔȯθiránna θȯθiránna θȯθirínna yȯθiránna yȯθirínna nȯθiránna θȯθirúnna θȯθirnánna yȯθirúnna yȯθirnánna
jussive ʔȯ́θir θȯ́θir θȯ́θirī yȯ́θir yȯ́θirī nȯ́θir θȯ́θirū θȯ́θirna yȯ́θirū yȯ́θirna
imperative - θḗr! θḗrī! - - - θḗrū! θírna! - -
active participle wėθḗr
passive participle waθū́r
verbal noun wiθė́r

1-n

This irregularity can affect verbs up to the second consonant.

This creates some binyan ambiguity: nužžā́r may be the passive of nažā́r or the passive of nažžḗr.

faȝāl

nažā́r 'he guarded, he watched, he kept'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past nažárθī nažárθa nažárθe nažā́r nažā́raθ nažárnė nažárθum nažárθin nažā́rū nažárna
present ʔanėžṓr θanėžṓr θanėžṓrī yanėžṓr yanėžṓrī nanėžṓr θanėžṓrū θanėžúrna yanėžṓrū yanėžúrna
future ʔažžṓr θažžṓr θažžṓrī yažžṓr yažžṓrī nažžṓr θažžṓrū θažžúrna yažžṓrū yažžúrna
optative ʔažžuránna θažžuránna θažžurī́nna yažžuránna yažžurī́nna nažžuránna θažžurū́nna θažžurnánna yažžurū́nna yažžurnánna
jussive ʔážžur θážžur θážžurī yážžur yážžurī nážžur θážžurū θážžurna yážžurū yažžurna
imperative - žōr! žṓrī! - - - žṓrū! žúrna! - -
active participle nėžḗr
passive participle mažžū́r
verbal noun nižė́r

nufȝāl

hafȝēl

hufȝāl

heθφaȝāl

niθφuȝāl

hastaφȝēl

hastuφȝāl

1-ʔ

2-ʔ, 2-h, 2-ȝ and 2-ħ

  • √t-ȝ-m 'to choose'

-ā/a- instead of -ō/u- before C3 in prefix conjugation

faȝāl

taȝā́m 'he chose'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past taȝámθī taȝámθa taȝámθe taȝā́m taȝā́maθ taȝámnė taȝámθum taȝámθin taȝā́mū taȝámna
present ʔatėȝā́m θatėȝā́m θatėȝā́mī yatėȝā́m yatėȝā́mī natėȝā́m θatėȝā́mū θatėȝámna yatėȝā́mū yatėȝámna
future ʔatȝā́m θatȝā́m θatȝā́mī yatȝā́m yatȝā́mī natȝā́m θatȝā́mū θatȝámna yatȝā́mū yatȝámna
optative ʔatȝamánna θatȝamánna θatȝamī́nna yatȝamánna yatȝamī́nna natȝamánna θatȝamū́nna θatȝamnánna yatȝamū́nna yatȝamnánna
jussive ʔátȝam θátȝam θátȝamī yátȝam yátȝamī nátȝam θátȝamū θátȝamna yátȝamū yatȝámna
imperative - taȝā́m! taȝā́mī! - - - taȝā́mū! taȝā́mė! - -
active participle tėȝḗm
passive participle matȝū́m
verbal noun tiȝė́m

3-y

These verbs have 3sg.m past -ė from *-aya and -ē without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from *-iyu. A lot of analogy has taken place in this gizra, as in Hebrew. Dialectal variation poses additional complexity, with forms yabnė́, yabnā́yī, yabnā́yū, yabnáyna being used for yabnḗ, yabnī́, yabnū́, yabnḗna in some dialects.

faȝāl

banė́ 'he built'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional banáyθī banáyθa banáyθe banė́ banė́θ banáynė banáyθum banáyθin banė́w banáyna
present ʔabėnḗ tabėnḗ tabėnī́ yabėnḗ yabėnī́ nabėnḗ tabėnū́ tabėnḗna yabėnū́ yabėnḗna
future ʔabnḗ tabnḗ tabnī́ yabnḗ yabnī́ nabnḗ tabnū́ tabnḗna yabnū́ yabnḗna
optative ʔabnénna tabnénna tabnī́nna yabnénna yabnī́nna nabnénna tabnū́nna tabnēnánna yabnū́nna yabnēnánna
jussive ʔábne tábne tábnī yábne yábnī nábne tábnū tábnēna yábnū yábnēna
imperative - bunḗ! bunī́! - - - bunū́! bunḗna! - -
active participle bėnḗ
passive participle mabnū́y
verbal noun binė́θ

nufȝāl

nubnė́ 'it was built'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional nubnáyθī nubnáyθa nubnáyθe nubnė́ nubnė́θ nubnáynė nubnáyθum nubnáyθin nubnė́w nubnáyna
present ʔubbėnḗ tubbėnḗ tubbėnī́ yubbėnḗ yubbėnī́ nubbėnḗ tubbėnū́ tubbėnḗna yubbėnū́ yubbėnḗna
future ʔubbanḗ tubbanḗ tubbanī́ yubbanḗ yubbanī́ nubbanḗ tubbanū́ tubbanḗna yubbanū́ yubbanḗna
optative ʔubbanénna tubbanénna tubbanínna yubbanénna yubbanínna nubbanénna tubbanúnna tubbanēnánna yubbanúnna yubbanēnánna
jussive ʔúbbane túbbane túbbanī yúbbane yúbbanī núbbane túbbanū túbbanēna yúbbanū yúbbanēna
imperative - hubbanḗ! hubbanī́! - - - hubbanū́! hubbanḗna! - -
participle mubbanḗ
verbal noun nubnė́θ

faȝȝēl

dammė́ 'he likened, he modeled (sth after sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional dammī́θī dammī́θa dammī́θe dammė́ dammė́θ dammī́nė dammī́θum dammī́θin dammū́ dammī́na
present ʔadamėmḗ θadamėmḗ θadamėmī́ yadamėmḗ yadamėmī́ nadamėmḗ θadamėmū́ θadamėmḗna yadamėmū́ yadamėmḗna
future ʔadammḗ θadammḗ θadammī́ yadammḗ yadammī́ nadammḗ θadammū́ θadammḗna yadammū́ yadammḗna
optative ʔadamménna θadamménna θadammínna yadamménna yadammínna nadamménna θadammúnna θadammēnánna yadammúnna yadammēnánna
jussive ʔadámme θadámme θadámmī yadámme yadámmī nadámme θadámmū θadámmēna yadámmū yadámmēna
imperative - dammḗ! dammī́! - - - dammū́! dammḗna! - -
participle mudammḗ
verbal noun dammū́y

fuȝȝāl

dummė́ 'it was likened, it was modeled (after sth)'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional dummayθī dummayθa dummayθe dummė́ dummė́θ dummáynė dummáyθum dummáyθin dummė́w dummáyna
present ʔadumėmḗ θadumėmḗ θadumėmī́ yadumėmḗ yadumėmī́ nadumėmḗ θadumėmū́ θadumėmḗna yadumėmū́ yadumėmḗna
future ʔadummḗ θadummḗ θadummī́ yadummḗ yadummī́ nadummḗ θadummū́ θadummḗna yadummū́ yadummḗna
optative ʔadumménna θadumménna θadummínna yadumménna yadummínna nadumménna θadummúnna θadummēnánna yadummúnna yadummēnánna
jussive ʔadúmme tadúmme tadúmmī yadúmme yadúmmī nadúmme tadúmmū tadúmmēna yadúmmū yadúmmēna
imperative -
participle mudummḗ
verbal noun -

The other binyanim are similarly affected and have different conjugations based on whether the verb is of the form -C2ēC3 or -C2āC3. The part of the verb after C2 is affected by this irregularity.

3-w

These verbs have 3sg.m past -ȯ from *-awa and -ū without gender/number affixes in the prefix conjugation, from *-iwu.

faȝāl

manȯ́ 'he counted'
→ Person
↓ Tense 		1sg 2sg.m 2sg.f 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl 2pl.m 2pl.f 3pl.m 3pl.f
past; conditional manáwθī manáwθa manáwθe manȯ́ manȯ́θ manáwnė manáwθum manáwθin manū́ manáwna
present ʔamėnṓ θamėnṓ θamėnī́ yamėnṓ yamėnī́ namėnṓ θamėnū́ θamėnṓna yamėnū́ yamėnṓna
future ʔamnṓ θamnṓ θamnī́ yamnṓ yamnī́ namnṓ θamnū́ θamnṓna yamnū́ yamnṓna
optative ʔamnónna θamnónna θamnínna yamnónna yamnínna namnónna θamnúnna θamnōnánna yamnúnna yamnōnánna
jussive ʔámnu θámnu θámnī yámnu yámnī námnu θámnū θámnōna yámnū yámnōna
imperative - munṓ! munī! - - - munū! munṓna! - -
active participle mėnṓ
passive participle manū
verbal noun minėθ

Other binyanim are affected similarly. The part after the C2 is affected.

3-ʔ

3-ȝ and 3-ħ

Hollow

Geminate

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