User:Ceige/Sako-Katsi-Kezha: Difference between revisions

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* suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
* suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
* wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)
* wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)
*
 
== Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1) ==
=== Consonants ===
==== Initials ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || k || ʔ
|-
! Pre-nasalised Plosives
| ⁿp || ⁿt || ⁿk ||
|-
! Geminated Plosives
| pp || tt || kk ||
! Nasals
| m || n || ŋ ||
|-
! Voiceless Nasals
| hm || hn || hŋ ||
|-
! Fricatives
| f || s || x || h
|}
 
====Glides====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Labial Semivowel !! Dental Lateral !! Retroflex Rhotic !! Palatal Semivowel !! Guttural Rhotic
|-
| w || l || r || y || ʀ
|}
 
==== Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! ʔ- !! p- !! t- !! k- !! pp- !! tt- !! kk- !! m- !! n- !! ŋ- !! mp- !! nt- !! ŋk- !! f- !! s- !! x- !! h-
! style="background: #fff;" | Notes
|-
! +w
| w    || p || tw || kw || pp || ttw || kkw || '''m, w''' || nw, m || ŋw, m || b || dw || gw || f || s || '''xw, f''' || '''hw, f'''
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
|-
! +l
| l    || py || '''ty''' || ky || ppy || '''tty''' || kky || my, ny || '''ny, l''' || ŋy, ny || by || '''dy''' || gy || hl || '''sy, hl''' || hl || hl
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +r
| r    || p || '''tʂ''' || k || pp || ttʂ || kk || m, ɳ || '''ɳ, r''' || ŋ, ɳ || b || '''dʐ''' || g || hr || '''ʂ, hr''' || hr || hr
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|-
! +y
| y    || py || '''tɕ '''|| ky || ppy || ttɕ || kky || m, ɲ || '''ɲ, n''' || '''ɲ, ŋ''' || by || '''dʑ''' || gy ||  hy || '''ɕ, hy''' || '''ç, hy''' || hy
| style="background: #fff;" | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
|-
! +ʀ
| ʀ    || p || t || '''k, q''' || pp || tt || '''kk, qq''' || m, ŋ || n, ŋ || '''ŋ, ʀ''' || b || d || '''g, ɢ''' || hʀ, f || hʀ, s || hʀ, x || hʀ
| style="background: #fff;" | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.
|}
 
====Finals====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Manner !! Labial !! Dental !! Retroflex !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p || t || ʈ || c || k || ʔ
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ɳ || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Nasals (1)''
| m̊ || n̊ || ɳ̊ || ɲ̊ || ŋ̊ ||
|-
! Sonorants
| w || l || r || y || ʀ ||
|-
! ''Voiceless Sonorants (2)''
| ẘ || l̥ || r̊ || ẙ || ʀ̊ ||
|-
! ''Fricatives (2)''
| colspan=6 | h
|}
'''Notes'''
* (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
* (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
 
=== Common vowel outcomes ===
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Height
! y- !! +y
! l- !! +l
! Ø- !! +Ø
! r- !! +r
! ʀ- !! +ʀ
! w- !! +w
 
|-
! Closed /ɨ/
| i || i
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɨ || ɨ
| ɯ || ɯ
| u || u
|-
! Mid /ǝ/
| ie || ei
| æ || æ
| ǝ || ǝ
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uo || ou
|-
! Open /a/
| iæ || æi
| æ || æ
| a || a
| ǝa || aǝ
| ʌ || ʌ
| uɔ || ɔu
|}

Revision as of 02:37, 11 February 2018

Sako

Random sound changes

Sound Changes

  • krdeh -> caQTeh -> saqqoh > sako
  • skwalos -> cw'alo -> p'al- -> bal-
  • suhnus -> fun-, fum-
  • wlkwos -> ulpi?

Katsi

Mix of Greek and Mandarin sound changes

Sound Changes

  • krdeh -> kartaa -> katsae -> katsi
  • skwalos -> mbalo-, sfal-
  • suhnus -> giouny
  • wlkwos -> giourpo?

Kezha

Mix of Mandarin and Persian sound changes

Sound Changes

  • krdeh -> kerTa -> kezha /kuh-drzha/ (zha)
  • skwalos -> guole, guale, guolet (guan, kuan)
  • suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
  • wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)

Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1)

Consonants

Initials

Manner Labial Dental Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k ʔ
Pre-nasalised Plosives ⁿp ⁿt ⁿk
Geminated Plosives pp tt kk Nasals m n ŋ
Voiceless Nasals hm hn hŋ
Fricatives f s x h

Glides

Labial Semivowel Dental Lateral Retroflex Rhotic Palatal Semivowel Guttural Rhotic
w l r y ʀ

Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes

ʔ- p- t- k- pp- tt- kk- m- n- ŋ- mp- nt- ŋk- f- s- x- h- Notes
+w w p tw kw pp ttw kkw m, w nw, m ŋw, m b dw gw f s xw, f hw, f Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
+l l py ty ky ppy tty kky my, ny ny, l ŋy, ny by dy gy hl sy, hl hl hl The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+r r p tʂ k pp ttʂ kk m, ɳ ɳ, r ŋ, ɳ b dʐ g hr ʂ, hr hr hr The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
+y y py tɕ ky ppy ttɕ kky m, ɲ ɲ, n ɲ, ŋ by dʑ gy hy ɕ, hy ç, hy hy The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
+ʀ ʀ p t k, q pp tt kk, qq m, ŋ n, ŋ ŋ, ʀ b d g, ɢ hʀ, f hʀ, s hʀ, x hʀ Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.

Finals

Manner Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t ʈ c k ʔ
Nasals m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Voiceless Nasals (1) m̊ n̊ ɳ̊ ɲ̊ ŋ̊
Sonorants w l r y ʀ
Voiceless Sonorants (2) ẘ l̥ r̊ ẙ ʀ̊
Fricatives (2) h

Notes

  • (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
  • (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.

Common vowel outcomes

Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/

Height y- +y l- +l Ø- +Ø r- +r ʀ- +ʀ w- +w
Closed /ɨ/ i i ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɨ ɯ ɯ u u
Mid /ǝ/ ie ei æ æ ǝ ǝ ǝa aǝ ʌ ʌ uo ou
Open /a/ iæ æi æ æ a a ǝa aǝ ʌ ʌ uɔ ɔu
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