User:Ceige/Western Romance

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Phonology

Vowels

Stolen from Wikipedia:

Table of Old French outcomes of Latin vowels
Letter Classical
Latin
Vulgar
Latin
Proto
Western
Romance
Early Old French
(through early 12th c.)
Later Old French
(from late 12th c.)
closed open closed open
Short A /a/ /a/ a /a/ e, ie /æ, iə/ a /a/ e, ie /ɛ, jɛ/
Long A /aː/
AE /ai/ /ɛ/ e /ɛ/ ie /iə/ e /ɛ/ ie /jɛ/
Short E /e/
OE /oi/ /e/ /e/ e /e/ ei /ei/ oi /oi/ > /wɛ/
Long E /eː/
Short I /i/ /ɪ/
Short Y /y/
Long I /iː/ /i/ i /i/
Long Y /yː/
Short O /o/ /ɔ/ o /ɔ/ uo /uə/ o /ɔ/ ue /wɛ/ > /ø/
Long O /oː/ /o/ /o/ o /o/ ou /ou/ o(u) /u/ eu /eu/ > /ø/
Short U /u/ /ʊ/
Long U /uː/ /u/ u /y/
AU /aw/ /aw/ o /ɔ/

Chronology of Consonant related sound changes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French#From_Vulgar_Latin_through_to_Proto-Western-Romance

  • sC- initial clusters become isC- (and thus ésC)
  • Loss of final -m except in monosyllables
  • Loss of H
  • ns > s
  • rs > ss sometime, rs othertimes
  • -er > -re; -or > -ro
  • -cəl-, -cər-, -gəl- and -gər- > cl, cr, gl, gr
  • kj > kkj
  • k + e,i etc > kj
  • g + e,i etc > gj
  • dj, (prior dj, gj, g+e/i >) gj > j

(Gallo-Ibero-Romance)

  • kj, tj > tsj ⟨c, z⟩
  • kkj > ttsj
  • kt > jt ⟨-it⟩
  • ks > js ⟨-is⟩
  • (Opt: open+stressed ɛ, ɔ > ie, uo (> ue in Fr/Sp))
  • nox > nocte > nojte > nuojte > nuite in French
  • First lenition: (intervocalic, and vCr) voiced plosives + unvoiced fricatives > v ð j, single unvoiced plosives > voiced
  • tsj > dzj (not ttsj)
  • pl > bl
  • Final t/d following a vowel lost?
  • nj, jn, jl, gl (from gn, ngj, gl, kl) > nj, lj
  • unstressed interior vowels lost except pretonic /a/; happened at same time as first lenition, thus manica > manche but granica > grange

Diphthong and vowel-height issue

  • ɛ and ɔ become ie and ue in French and Spanish open stressed syllables. They also become ie and ue in Spanish closed stressed syllables. They are merged in the case of Portuguese and most of Catalan.
  • In Portuguese, probably Catalan and French, and Italian, there is a tendency to distinguish by vowel height later on in the various languages depending on syllable type (e.g. closed/open).
  • Perhaps write stressed open ɔ as uè (as an example).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language#Diphthongization_in_open_and_closed_syllables

Grammar

Noun Declension

Accent marks are temporary and for etymological reasons.

  • -US as in FOCUS
  • NOM SING fuègus (or fuègos), PLU fuègi
  • OBL SING fuègo PLU fuègos
  • -UM as in GYPSUM
  • NOM SING gesso~gisso, PLU gessa~gissa
  • OBL SING gesso~gisso, PLU gessa~gissa or gessos~gissos

(The problem here is that gypsum would become either [jepso] or [jeiso]; either way, the palatalisation of [e] could shift it to [i]. The palatalised [p] variant could be a loanword too, as it normally refers to blackboard chalk, not the plaster material, and almost always appears as "giz" or an equivalent.)

  • -A as in CAPSA
  • NOM SING cassa PLU cassè
  • OBL PLU cassa PLU cassas
  • -IS as in PISCIS
  • NOM SING peisses PLU peisses
  • OBL SING peisse PLU peisses

(piscis > pexe-? poisson, pêche, peje, peixe, pez)

  • RES
  • NOM SING rés PLU rés
  • OBL SING rièm PLU rés
  • -O as in HOMO
  • NOM SING huemo PLU homnes
  • OBL SING homne PLU homnes

Verb Conjugation

Stolen from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_verbs

Latin Vulgar Latin Spanish Portuguese Italian French ColloquialWestRom FormalWestRom
Infinitive amāre *amare amar amar amare aimer amar(e) amare
Indicative
Present
amō
amās
amat
amāmus
amātis
amant
*amo
*amas
*ama
*amamos
*amates
*aman
amo
amas
ama
amamos
amáis
aman
amo
amas
ama
amamos
amais
amam
amo
ami
ama
amiamo
amate
amano
aime
aimes
aime
aimons
aimez
aiment
amó
amas
ama(t)
amamós
amais
aman(t)
amo
amas
amat
amamos
amaðes
amant
Preterite amāvī
amāvistī
amāvit
amāvimus
amāvistis
amāvērunt
*amai
*amasti
*amau
*amammos
*amastes
*amaron
amé
amaste
amó
amamos
amasteis
amaron
amei
amaste
amou
amamos
amastes
amaram
amai
amasti
amò
amammo
amaste
amarono
aimai
aimas
aima
aimâmes
aimâtes
aimèrent1
amai
amaste
amau(t)
amamos
amastes
amaron(t)
amai
amaesti
amaet
amaemos
amaestes
amaeront
Imperfect amābam
amābās
amābat
amābāmus
amābātis
amābant
*amabã
*amabas
*amaba
*amabamos
*amabates
*amaban
amaba
amabas
amaba
amábamos
amabais
amaban
amava
amavas
amava
amávamos
amáveis
amavam
amavo
amavi
amava
amavamo
amavate
amavano
aimais
aimais
aimait
aimions
aimiez
aimaient
amava
amavas
amava(t)
amavamos
amavais
amavant
amava
amavas
amavat
amavamos
amavaðes
amavant
Pluperfect amāveram
amāveras
amāverat
amāverāmus
amāverātis
amāverant
*amara
*amaras
*amara
*amaramos
*amarates
*amaran
amara
amaras
amara
amáramos
amarais
amaran2
amara
amaras
amara
amáramos
amáreis
amaram


-


-
amara
amaras
amara(t)
amaramos
amarais
amarant
amara
amaras
amarat
amaramos
amaraðes
amaront
Future7 amābō
amābis
amābit
amābimus
amābitis
amābunt


-


-


-


-


-


-


-
Future perfect amāverō
amāveris
amāverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint
*amare
*amares
*amare
*amaremos
*amaretes
*amaren
amare
amares
amare
amáremos
amareis
amaren3,6
amar
amares
amar
amarmos
amardes
amarem3


-


-
amare
amares
amare
amaremos
amareis
amarent
amaro
amares
amaret
amaremos
amareðes
amarent
Subjunctive
Present
amem
amēs
amet
amēmus
amētis
ament
*amẽ
*ames
*ame
*amemos
*ametes
*amen
ame
ames
ame
amemos
améis
amen
ame
ames
ame
amemos
ameis
amem
ami
ami
ami
amiamo
amiate
amino
aime
aimes
aime
aimions
aimiez
aiment
ame
ames
amet
amemos
ameis
ament
ame
ames
amet
amemos
ameðes
ament
Perfect amāverim
amāveris
amaverit
amāverimus
amāveritis
amāverint


-


-


-


-


-


-


-
Imperfect amārem
amārēs
amāret
amārēmus
amārētis
amārent
*amarẽ
*amares
*amare
*amaremos
*amaretes
*amaren


-
amar
amares
amar
amarmos
amardes
amarem4


-


-


-
amare
amares
amaret
amaremos
amareðes
amarent
Pluperfect amāvissem
amāvissēs
amāvisset
amāvissēmus
amāvissētis
amāvissent
*amassẽ
*amasses
*amasse
*amassemos
*amassetes
*amassen
amase
amases
amase
amásemos
amáseis
amasen5
amasse
amasses
amasse
amássemos
amásseis
amassem5
amassi
amassi
amasse
amassimo
amaste
amassero5
aimasse
aimasses
aimât
aimassions
aimassiez
aimassent5,6
amasse
amasses
amasse
amassemos
amasseis
amassent
amaesse
amaesses
amaesset
amaessemos
amaesseðes
amaessent

  1. Literary.
  2. Its meaning has mostly shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in modern Spanish. It is now usually interchangeable with amase, amases, amase, etc. Nevertheless, a few rare uses as a pluperfect subsist.
  3. Its meaning has shifted to that of a future subjunctive in Spanish and Portuguese.
  4. Reanalysed as a personal infinitive. See below.
  5. Its meaning has shifted to that of an imperfect subjunctive in most Romance languages. But note the normal use, in modern south-eastern Umbrian of amassimo instead of standard Italian amammo to express an indicative past perfect.
  6. Disused.
  7. The future indicative tense of the modern languages does not derive from the Latin form (which tended to be confounded with the preterite due to sound changes in Vulgar Latin), but rather from an infinitive + HABEO periphrasis, later reanalysed as a simple tense.

Copula

Indicative

  • Present
soc > sòi; estòi
  • Perfect/Pret
fui; estai?~estive
  • Imperfect
ero; estava
  • Pluperfect
fuera; estiv(i)era?
  • Future
(es)seraio~(es)serai; estaraio~estarai

Subjunctive

  • Present
se(j)a, sea, se, sei
  • Perfect
fuere, fuera?
  • Imperfect
esser-?
  • Pluperfect
fuisse, fuesse?