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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Sairstír Celinese | |name = Sairstír Celinese | ||
|nativename = Elíthec Sairstíroth | |nativename = Elíthec Sairstíroth<br />Sairstíreg | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = ˈəˈlʲɨːθ̠əɣ sæʳˈʂʈɨːɹʊ], [sæʳˈʂʈɨːɹəɨ | ||
|creator = A. Ayres | |creator = A. Ayres | ||
|setting = | |setting = Lômborin, Southern South Tygenoc, Lorech | ||
|states = Sairstír and Linheim, Elitho, Beichlë, Western Jinyero | |states = Sairstír and Linheim, Elitho, Beichlë, Western Jinyero | ||
|nation = Sairstír and Linheim | |nation = Sairstír and Linheim | ||
| Line 11: | Line 10: | ||
|date = 991 | |date = 991 | ||
|familycolor = #F2DC77 | |familycolor = #F2DC77 | ||
|fam1 = Proto-Tygenoci | |fam1 = Tygenoci | ||
| | |ancestor1 = Proto-Tygenoci | ||
| | |ancestor2 = Early Olldrothoan | ||
| | |ancestor3 = Early Elithoan varieties | ||
| | |ancestor4 = Middle Borders Elithoan | ||
|ancestor5 = Old Aires | |||
| | |clcr = qce | ||
| | |scripts = * Tygenoci | ||
* [[w:Latin script|Elithoan Romanisation]] | |||
* Wyšovian | |||
|agency = Several rival agencies, such as the Athecosoir go Wylombeir, Ronð go Lechlyfrírain Lônaig, GoSIC and the Ronð go Lorgwynel-Aimmon. | |agency = Several rival agencies, such as the Athecosoir go Wylombeir, Ronð go Lechlyfrírain Lônaig, GoSIC and the Ronð go Lorgwynel-Aimmon. | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Sairstír Celinese''' or '''Sairstirian''' (endonym: '''Elítheg Sairstíroth''' or '''Sairstíreg''' - sometimes referred to, particularly in Elitho, as '''Lônairesc''' [ | '''Sairstír Celinese''' or '''Sairstirian''' (endonym: '''Elítheg Sairstíroth''' or '''Sairstíreg''' - sometimes referred to, particularly in Elitho, as '''Lônairesc''' [ˈlo̝ːnæɹəʂ]) because of its complex links with the language of Aír, is a broad term used to refer to those varieties of Modern Southwestern Elithoan Celinese spoken in the Free Commonwealth of Sairstír. | ||
A common three-way distinction is drawn between '''mailsairstíreg''' (lit. Soft Sairstirian), spoken in Wylombeir and the northern seaboard, '''stairsairstíreg''' (Broad Sairstirian, lit. Hard Sairstirian), a more divergent form from Standard Elithoan Celinese that has not undergone Elithoan sound changes and has conserved features of Old Airesc Celinese, and '''Eilíonlyn''', a very conservative Southern Celinese variety spoken on the island of Eilíon and the Darnorwach Peninsula. The term does not apply to minority languages spoken in Sairstír that derive separately from Proto-Tygenoci, such as Modern Old Tygenoci or the Linro languages. | A common three-way distinction is drawn between '''mailsairstíreg''' (lit. Soft Sairstirian), spoken in Wylombeir and the northern seaboard, '''stairsairstíreg''' (Broad Sairstirian, lit. Hard Sairstirian), a more divergent form from Standard Elithoan Celinese that has not undergone Elithoan sound changes and has conserved features of Old Airesc Celinese, and '''Eilíonlyn''', a very conservative Southern Celinese variety spoken on the island of Eilíon and the Darnorwach Peninsula. The term does not apply to minority languages spoken in Sairstír that derive separately from Proto-Tygenoci, such as Modern Old Tygenoci or the Linro languages. | ||
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=== Consonants === | === Consonants === | ||
Broad Sairstír Celinese has a somewhat more complex vowel inventory than Standard Elithoan Celinese, but it does share some important divergent traits with other Celinese varieties. Like most varieties of Circassír Celinese, it is differentiates soft and hard pronunciations of <c> and <g>; it is one of the major varieties - alongside some Laurien and Western Islands dialects - that features patalalisation of liquids and fricatives in certain environments. It is also one of the very few Celinese varieties to have both word-initial and word-final affricates. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
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! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| f | | f v | ||
| | | θ̠ ð̠ | ||
| s (z) | | s (z) | ||
| (ʂ) (ʐ) | | (ʂ) (ʐ) | ||
| (ɕ) (ʑ) | | (ɕ) (ʑ) | ||
| ç | | ç | ||
| (x) | | (x) (ɣ) | ||
| | | | ||
| h (ɦ) | | h (ɦ) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 109: | Line 113: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
* <c> and <g> are pronounced [k] and [g] when preceding [ɑ o̝] and allophones, and as [ɕ], [ʑ] before [ɨ ʉ e y] and their allophones. [ɕ] and [ʑ] have retroflex allophones, [ʂ] [ʐ], which appear before [ɑ o̝] and are typically transcribed as ''<ce>'' (or ''<se>'', ''<si>'' or ''<ci>'') and ''<ge>'' (or ''<gi>'', ''<re>'' and ''<ri>'') - for example, in words such as ''rioc'' (bitter) [ʐɔɣ] or ''ciora'' (wine) [ˈʂoːɹɒ]. | |||
* Much like in the traditional dialect of Ioðinbêr, <t> and <d> become affricates before [ɨ ʉ e y] - ''tír'' (country) is [tɕɨːɐ̯] whilst ''dé'' (you, object) is [dʑeː]. <ti> (or <te>) and <di> (or <de>) are used to transcribe a similar pair of sounds, the retroflex [tʂ] and [dʐ], before all other vowel sounds - e.g. ''teo'' (what) [tʂoː] and ''deomleth'' (poison) [ˈdʐɔmləθ]. | |||
* Unlike SEC, but like many Elithoan dialects particularly in Laurien, palatalisation effects a number of consonants before [ɨ ʉ e y] - the above-mentioned fricativisation and affrication of <c g t d> is just one way in which this surfaces. | |||
{| class="wikitable" border="1" | |||
|- | |||
! Glyph | |||
! Plain | |||
! Slender | |||
|- | |||
| m | |||
| '''mair''' (but) [mæɹ] | |||
| '''mirda''' (friend) [mʲɪʳdɒ] | |||
|- | |||
| n | |||
| '''noich''' (gas) [nύ] | |||
| '''neoir''' number) [nʲœɹ] | |||
|- | |||
| w | |||
| '''wolnor''' (wizard) [ˈwɔɫnʊɹ] | |||
| '''wyros''' (touch) [ˈvʲyɹʊs] | |||
|- | |||
| l | |||
| '''lauth''' (gas) [lɑʊθ] | |||
| '''lynn''' number) [lʲỹː(n)] | |||
|- | |||
| h | |||
| '''haíth''' (hour) [ˈɦai̯θ] | |||
| '''hylm''' (help) [çʏɫm] | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
* The Sairstír <r> sound is typically transcribed as [ɹ] or [ɻ], approximates that are quite different to the typical Elithoan tap [ɾ] or trill [r]. However, many varieties of SSG have the trill, particularly in the north of the country. <R> is typically vocalised as [ɐ̯] when syllable-final and preceding another consonant - e.g. ''arðoch'' (sincere) [ˈɑɐ̯ðʊç]. It is also often vocalised in word-final position: ''têr'' (God, [tɕeɹ] or [tɕeɐ̯]. | |||
* <d> is usually lenited to [z] in word-final position: ''wŷand'' [ˈvʲyːænz]. Final <c> and <g> are also lenited to [ɣ] and [ɨ̯]: ''soc'' (support) [sɔɣ], noreg (black) [ˈnoːʐəɨ̯]. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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<!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | <!-- CLOSE VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;"> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">y</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;"> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 43%; width: 3.1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ɨ ʉ</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;"> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | <!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: | <div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 13%; background: white;">(ɪ)(ʏ)</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;"></div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 4em; top: 17%; background: white;">(ɪ̈)(ʊ̈)</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">(ʊ)</div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1.5em; top: 17%; background: white;">(ʊ)</div> | ||
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<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | <!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ</div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɛ (œ)</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;"></div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: white;">ɔ</div> | ||
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | <!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS --> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;"></div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;">æ</div> | ||
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | <div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: white;"></div> | ||
| Line 177: | Line 217: | ||
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div> | <div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em"></div> | ||
* All vowels in Sairstír Celinese have allophonic nasal counterparts - vowels are nasalised before n, m and ŋ. The nasal consonant is sometimes omitted if it does not precede a vowel - so in ''cyn nothín'' (no idea), both ''n''s are only optionally pronounced - [ɕʏ̃(n) nʊθ̱ɨ̃(n)] - whilst in ''cyn ôlth'' (no problem), the nasal consonant must be pronounced [ɕʏ̃n o:ɫθ̱]. | |||
* Unlike SEC, but in common with many Elithoan Celinese dialects, there is a robust system of vowel reduction that impacts some unstressed vowels. When <nowiki><e>, <i>, <o>, <u>, <y> and <a></nowiki> (usually [ɛ~e], [ɨ], [o̝], [ʉ], [y] and [ɑ]) appear in a closed syllable directly before or after a stressed syllable, they are reduced to [ə], [ɪ], [ɔ~ʊ], [ʊ̈], [ʏ] and [æ]. This also applies to <nowiki><e>, <i> and <u></nowiki> in open syllables directly before a stressed syllable. | |||
[[ | * In stressed, closed syllables, [ɨ ʉ e o y] are usually lowered to [ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ ʏ], unless modified with a circumflex or acute diacritic: compare ''cyn'' (no) [ɕʏ̃(n)] with ''gŷn'' (family) [ʑỹː(n)]. | ||
* The vowel in stressed syllable that is open or marked with a circumflex or acute accent is almost always pronounce long. Compare ''lena'' (inside) - [ˈlɛna] in Elithoan but [ˈlʲeːˌnɒ] in Sairstírian - or ''wylo'' (wave), [ˈwɪlɔ] in SEC but [ˈvʲyːlo̝] in SSG. | |||
* Whilst by convention they are denoted as being pure vowels, [e ɨ ʉ o] are in many dialects usually diphthongised as [ei̯ ɨi̯ ʉu̯ ou̯], particularly in the cities of the southern triangle - compare northern SSG lôn [lõː(n)] with southern [loʊn]. | |||
== The noun == | |||
== Sound correspondences with Standard Elithoan Celinese == | == Sound correspondences with Standard Elithoan Celinese == | ||
'''mh:''' <mh> in Middle Southern Elithoan became <f> [f~v] in Elithoan Celinese, but became [ʍ] in initial position and [m] elsewhere in most Sairstír Celinese varieties. Compare SEC ''sofen'' with SSG. ''somman'', ''hwair'' with ''fair'', ''hwyðí'' to ''fyðí'' ''syfoth'' with '' | * '''mh:''' <mh> in Middle Southern Elithoan became <f> [f~v] in Elithoan Celinese, but became [ʍ] in initial position and [m] elsewhere in most Sairstír Celinese varieties. Compare SEC ''sofen'' with SSG. ''somman'', ''hwair'' with ''fair'', ''hwyðí'' to ''fyðí'' ''syfoth'' with ''symoth'', and ''lefrë'' with ''lemra''. | ||
* '''ɣ:''' Early Elithoan Celinese's /ɣ/ became unvoiced <ch> ([x] and later [χ]) in SEC - but became silent in Sairstír, often having a lengthening effect on vowels before it. Compare EEC's ''oɣt'' (from) to SEC ''och'' and SSG ''ô'' (Soft Sairstírian: ''ôth'') or SEC ''sinocht'' (snow) to SSG ''synôth'' [ɕyˈno̝ː]. | |||
* '''No Pre-alveolar [a] raising:''' Most early middle Elithoan Celinese varieties saw [a] raised to [æ] (Modern <e> [e]) before word-final d, l, n and r. This sound change did not occur in Sairstír, and thus is not reflected in the orthography - hence ''hyrân'' [çyˈɹɑ̃ːn] (red) instead of SEC's ''hyrèn'' or ''mayar'' instead of SEC maier. Before l and sometimes r, [ɑ] is raised and rounded to [ɔ], in itself reduced to [ʊ] when unstressed. Compare SSG ''lârol'' [lɑːɹʊɫ] and SEC ''lairel'' or SSG ''somor'' with SEC ''sofer''. | |||
* '''Word-final voicing:''' Unlike SEC, Sairstír Celinese does not allow for word-final unvoiced plosives - so the likes of SEC ''sop'', ''pyp'' and ''lofot'' become ''sob'', ''pyb'' and ''lowod.'' This means that feminine plurals, -ot in SEC, end in -d in SSG: compare ''séilot'' with ''sêlod'' (days) or ''mildot'' with ''mirdod'' (friends). | |||
* '''Absence of affricate-fricative mergers:''' Compared to most Celinese varieties, Sairstír Celinese is rich in affricates. The /pf/-/f/ merger that affected nearly every other dialect did not impact SSG: thus, ''trefí'' (meet) [tʐ̊ɛˈfɨː] and trephí (fall) [tʐ̊ɛˈpfɨː] are distinguished. Many common words such as phancast (latter) and phechoth (fish) conserve initial /pf/. | |||
''' | * '''ƍw:''' <ƍw> in Early Middle Southern Elithoan - believed to be pronounced [çʷ] or [ɕʷ] - became /χʷ/ <chw> or /ʍ/ <hw> in most Elithoan Celinese varieties, but became a delabialised [ɕ] in most environments in Sairstírian. Compare the Elithoan word for salt, ''chwor'' [χʷɔʐ], with SSg. ''seor'' [ɕɔʳ] or oak: SEC. ''hwaith'' [ʍai̯θ] and SSg. ''ceôth'' [ɕoːθ]. | ||
''' | * '''Monophthongisation:''' By Middle Sairstíreg, the only diphthongs that had remained /ɑi̯ aʊ̯/, /ei̯ eʊ̯/ /oi̯ oʊ̯/ - became /ɑː/, /eː/ /oː/, a process reflected in the way in which these sounds were rewritten as â, ê and ô: ''nêl'', ''thôth'' and ''pafâch'' from ''neil'', ''thôuth'' and ''pafaich''. | ||