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:[[Kurmian/Swadesh list]]
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''Cùm'' /kʰūːm/, written ''Kurm'') is a [[Wiebian]] lect and the official language of the [[Verse:Kurm Republic]]. It's inspired by Irish and Chinese: it's a monosyllabic tonal language with palatalized consonants and initial consonant mutations.
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
==Sound changes==
*s!x > sng! > hng <''sng''>
*sch > s!= > k= <''sc''>
From Schnueher page:


Tone from French style weakening of finals? (-d, -t > high (short V)/rising (long V); -s > low (short V)/falling (long V); -de/-te > -t)
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:IlL
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.


final stops > high tone; final -Ce > final -C; final -l > ŋ
==Todo==
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


nasal vowels > vowel + w
==Phonology==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
===Phonotactics===
C + V + tone


-s would still serve as a tone marker
===Initials===
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/


{{angbr|''ach''}} /âː/
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/


Some AW sources for finals:
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/
*-p < -fe, -ffe, -pf(e), -be
*-t < -de, -te
*-k < -cke
*-m < -me, -mpfe
*-n < -ne, -nde, -nze
*-ŋ < -nge, -nke, -l, -le
*-w < -m, -n, -nd, -ng, -nk, -b, -f
*-ː < -ge
*-j < -tz, -tze, -sche, -st, -ste, -che (ich-laut), -se
*-h < -re, -che


Uncategorized: -mpf, -mpfe, -nd, -nde, -nz, -nze, -nk, -nke > -m(h), -n(ʔ), -n(h), -ŋ(ʔ)?
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/


==Phonology==
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/
===Phonotactics===
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.


Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): '''pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl'''
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/


===Initials===
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!rowspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|ʰmˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰmʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰn̪ˠ}} ||
| || {{IPA|ʰnʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰɲ}} || {{IPA|ʰŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|mˠ}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA|n̪ˠ}} ||
| || {{IPA|nʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| {{IPA|pˠ}} || {{IPA|pʲ}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ}} ||
| || {{IPA|tʲ}}
| {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| {{IPA|pˠ˭}} || {{IPA|pʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ˭}} ||
| || {{IPA|tʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|c˭}} || {{IPA|k˭}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|bˠ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ˠ}} ||
| || {{IPA|dʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|fˠ}} || {{IPA|fʲ}}
| {{IPA|θˠ}}  || {{IPA|θʲ}}
| {{IPA|sˠ}} || {{IPA|sʲ}}
| {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|vˠ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}}
| {{IPA|ðˠ}} || {{IPA|ðʲ}}
| {{IPA|zˠ}} || {{IPA|zʲ}}
| {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰrˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰrʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| ||
| {{IPA|rˠ}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰl̪ˠ}} ||
| || {{IPA|ʰlʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|l̪ˠ}} ||
| || {{IPA|lʲ}}
| ||
|
|}


*/ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written '''sm sn sng sl sr'''.
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
*/p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written '''sp st sc'''.


===Vowels===
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/
/ˠa ˠi ˠo ˠu ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ '''a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ùa'''


/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ '''ea i à è/èi aoì eò iù ìa'''
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/


===Finals===
===Rimes===
The allowed finals are: /p t k m n ŋ r j w/ {{angbr|''b d g m n l/ng r dh/igh bh''}}
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/


===Tones===
===Tones===
Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)
9 tones:


Short vowels are toneless. (cf. "entering tone" in Middle Chinese)
*-Ø: mid level
*-ch: glottal stop final
*-s: low falling
*-r: low rising
*-gh: low breathy
*-mh: creaky
*-bh: mid rising
*-dh: high falling
*-n: high level


===Mutations===
==Grammar==
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
 
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|+ '''Initial mutations'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''z''!!''c''!!''g''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/k/||/g/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/ʔ/||/θ/||/ð/||/h/||/ʔ/||/x/||/ɣ~j/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''n-g''!!''n-''
|-
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/||/d/||/n/||/z/||''-''||/g/||/ŋ/||/n/
|}
 
In addition, h-prothesis adds ''h-'' to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
 
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{{col-begin}}
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
{{col-break}}
===Pronouns===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
*xan = I
! colspan="3" | Masculine definite mutations
*çeedh = you
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. acc.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. gen.
| lenition || eclipsis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Feminine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. acc.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. gen.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Neuter definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. acc.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. gen.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|}
{{col-end}}
 
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''gaoì'' 'tree' - masculine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''g'''aoì'' || ''na '''gh'''aoì''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''ng'''aoì'' || ''na '''g'''aoì''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gh'''aoì'' || ''na '''ng'''aoì''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''crùaigh'' 'thought' - feminine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''chr'''ùaigh'' || ''na '''gcr'''ùaigh''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''cr'''ùaigh'' || ''na '''chr'''ùaigh''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gcr'''ùaigh'' || ''na '''cr'''ùaigh''
|}


{{col-break}}
===Classifiers===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.
! colspan="3" | ''trú'' 'book' - neuter
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''dtr'''ú'' || ''na '''tr'''ú''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''thr'''ú'' || ''na '''dtr'''ú''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''tr'''ú'' || ''na '''thr'''ú''
|}
{{col-end}}


Compound words are head-final: ''sóng-truu'' = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...


For indefinite nouns, attributive adjectives follow the noun and do not mutate: ''gai gau'' 'a tall tree/tall trees', ''truu gau'' 'a long book/long books'.
*lu = humans, gods
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
*tçagh = animals, demons
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
*çua: infinitive
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''zail'': inedible plants
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)


For definite nouns, attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun: ''an gau gai'' 'the tall tree', ''an n-gau dtruu'' 'the long book'
===Verbs===
ba = subjunctive marker


===Verb phrase===
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.


Tense:
==Sample text==
*present: no marker
===Tower of Babel===
**''sèir'' = 'dies' (< AW ''zernen''), ''eic'' /ʔɛk/ = 'buys' (< AW ''eckern'')
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
*past: ''scil'' + lenition (< AW ''schillen'' 'finish')
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
**''scil shèir'' = 'died', ''scil eic'' = 'bought'
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
*future: ''ngéa'' + h-prothesis  ( < AW ''Đerz'' 'wish')
**''ngér sèir'' /ŋɛ́ː sɛ̄ːw/ = 'will die', ''ngér h-eic'' 'will buy'
*Verbal nouns: ''go'' + lenition (from ''ge-'')
**''go shèir'' = 'to die'
Connectives:
*''zeár'': 'when' (< AW ''sätter'' 'eventually')
*''dàigh'' + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW ''deichen'')
*''spàr'': < 'but, however' (''spaler'' 'unfortunately')


===Derivational morphology===
:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
*''ba-'' + lenition (from ''be-''): verbalizer
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
**''ba-bhì'': 'nasalize' < ''bì'' 'nose'
:As the people moved eastward...
*''go-'' + lenition (from ''ge-''): nominalizer
**also ''for-'' (from ''ver-'')
*''inn-'': increments a verb's valency
*''sar-'': decrements a verb's velency
===Sample texts===


[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Not to be confused with the Earth language Fungor, also known as Ko.
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4/Wordlist
IlL/Spare pages 1/4
lees ndoigh Komh
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Native toBjeheond
Hlou-Shum
  • IlL/Spare pages 1/4
  • Latin (Uncial)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

4 (English: /koʊ/, natively lees ndoigh Komh /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in Bjeheond; as a Hlou-Shum language, it's related to Hlou. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.

Todo

Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"

  • Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
    • Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
  • dor = to be born ~ Hlou Ndol 'person'
  • TODO: kl gl sk > q
  • bach = small, meer = big
  • hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
  • kein = archaic negative word
  • ein = emphasis/'rather'
  • koobh = good
  • cu = copper

Phonology

4 has fewer initials than Hlou, due to initial mutations.

Phonotactics

C + V + tone

Initials

m n ņ l nl r y w = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/

hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/

p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/

pl bl tl dl = /hl bl tl dl/

ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/

phl bhl thl dhl /fl vl ɬ ɮ/

np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/

npl nbl ntl ndl /bl ml dl nl/

f ç s x = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/

nf nç ns nx, also fh çh sh xh = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/

Rimes

a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/

Tones

9 tones:

  • -Ø: mid level
  • -ch: glottal stop final
  • -s: low falling
  • -r: low rising
  • -gh: low breathy
  • -mh: creaky
  • -bh: mid rising
  • -dh: high falling
  • -n: high level

Grammar

Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.

Nouns

plural word: yoo-L (placed after classifier but before noun)

Pronouns

  • xan = I
  • çeedh = you

Classifiers

Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.

lu, tzagh, hņoobh, lees, çua, yaus, ...

  • lu = humans, gods
    • faon = a man; lu nfaon = the man (classifier lu)
  • tçagh = animals, demons
    • plaidh = a dog; tçagh nplaidh = the dog (classifier tçagh)
    • tçagh Nja Ber Woch = a demon in Ko mythology
  • hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
    • qo = a tree; hņoobh nqo the tree
  • çua: infinitive
    • dor = is born; çua ndor = to be born (inf.)
  • lobh: food, edible plants
  • zail: inedible plants
  • lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
    • doigh = 'to speak'; lees ndoigh 'language'
  • In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English murder of crows except "murder" is a classifier)

Verbs

ba = subjunctive marker

Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh = If you like it

Sample text

Tower of Babel

Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.
CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.
when CLF PL person travel eastward then
As the people moved eastward...
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