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:[[Kurmian/Swadesh list]]
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''an dûaigh Cùm'' /ʔan dˠûəj kʰūːm/) is a monosyllabic tonal language with an Irish aesthetic. Like Irish, it has initial consonant mutations.
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]
 
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:IlL
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.
 
==Todo==
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.
C + V + tone
 
Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): '''pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl scl ngl'''


===Initials===
===Initials===
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!rowspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|ʰmˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰmʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰn̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰnʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰɲ}} || {{IPA|ʰŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|mˠ}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA|n̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| ({{IPA|pˠ}}) || ({{IPA|pʲ}})
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}}
| {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| ({{IPA|pˠ˭}}) || ({{IPA|pʲ˭}})
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ˭}} || {{IPA|tʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|c˭}} || {{IPA|k˭}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|bˠ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|fˠ}} || {{IPA|fʲ}}
| {{IPA|sˠ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}}
| {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|vˠ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}}
| ||
| {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰrˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰrʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|rˠ}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰl̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰlʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|l̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|lʲ}}
| ||
|
|}


*/ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written '''sm sn sng sl sr'''.
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/
*/p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written '''sp st sc'''.


===Vowels===
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/
/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ '''a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ua'''


/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ '''ea i eà è/èi ì eò iù ia'''
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/


===Finals===
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/
The allowed finals are: /t k m n ŋ l r j w/ {{angbr|''d g m n ng l r igh bh''}}. Final ''d g'' are unreleased stops [-t̚ -k̚]. Final l is velarized [ɫ].


===Tones===
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/
{{PAGENAME}} has three phonemic tones: high, low, falling (á, à/unmarked, â). Only long vowels have tones.


{| class="wikitable"
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
|-
! Tone
!colspan=2 | Example
! Notes
|-
| Short || ''gran'' (petal) || /gˠrˠan/ ||
|-
| High || ''teó'' (stretch) || /tʲoː˥/ ||
|-
| Low || ''lùm'' (mold) || /lˠuːm˧˩/ || May be slightly breathy voiced.
|-
| Falling || ''sêigh'' (dough) || /sʲeːj˥˩/ ||
|}


===Mutations===
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/
|-
|+ '''Initial mutations'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''c''!!''g''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/k/||/g/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/||/h/||/ɣ/, /j/||/h/||/x/||/ɣ/, /j/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!'-''!!''gc''!!''n-g''!!''n-''
|-
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/||/d/||/n/||''-''||/g/||/ŋ/||/n/
|}


In addition, h-prothesis adds ''h-'' to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/


==Morphology==
===Rimes===
===Nouns===
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/
Compound words are head-final: ''seól-thrùn'' = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)


Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:
===Tones===
*''an gò gaoì'' 'the tall tree' (nominative)
9 tones:
*''an n-gò dtrù'' 'the long book' (nominative)


====Indefinite mutations====
*-Ø: mid level
====Definite mutations====
*-ch: glottal stop final
{{col-begin}}
*-s: low falling
{{col-break}}
*-r: low rising
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
*-gh: low breathy
! colspan="3" | Masculine definite mutations
*-mh: creaky
|-
*-bh: mid rising
! style="width: 90px;" |
*-dh: high falling
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
*-n: high level
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. acc.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. gen.
| lenition || eclipsis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Feminine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. acc.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. gen.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Neuter definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. acc.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. gen.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|}
{{col-end}}


{{col-begin}}
==Grammar==
{{col-break}}
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
===Nouns===
! colspan="3" | ''gaoì'' 'tree' - masculine
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
|-
===Pronouns===
! style="width: 90px;" |
*xan = I
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
*çeedh = you
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''g'''aoì'' || ''na '''gh'''aoì''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''ng'''aoì'' || ''na '''g'''aoì''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gh'''aoì'' || ''na '''ng'''aoì''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''crûaigh'' 'thought' - feminine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''chr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''gcr'''ûaigh''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''cr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''chr'''ûaigh''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gcr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''cr'''ûaigh''
|}


{{col-break}}
===Classifiers===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.
! colspan="3" | ''trù'' 'book' - neuter
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''dtr'''ù'' || ''na '''tr'''ù''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''thr'''ù'' || ''na '''dtr'''ù''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''tr'''ù'' || ''na '''thr'''ù''
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb phrase===
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.


Tense:
*lu = humans, gods
*present: no marker
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
**''sèin'' = 'dies', ''eic'' /ʔɛk/ = 'buys'
*tçagh = animals, demons
*past: ''scuil'' + lenition
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
**''scuil shèin'' = 'died', ''scuil eic'' = 'bought'  
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
*future: ''ngê'' + h-prothesis
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''ngê sèin'' = 'will die', ''ngê h-eic'' 'will buy'
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
*infinitive: ''go'' + lenition (from ''ge-'')
*çua: infinitive
**''go shèin'' = 'to die'
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
Connectives:
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''geár'': 'when'
*''zail'': inedible plants
*''daoìgh'' + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW ''deichen'')
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
*''fàl'': 'but, however'
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)


===Derivational morphology===
===Verbs===
*''ba-'' + lenition: verbalizer
ba = subjunctive marker
**''ba-thì'': 'nasalize' < ''tì'' 'nose'
*''go-'' + lenition (from ''ge-''): nominalizer
**also ''cor-''
*''inn-'': increments a verb's valency
*''sar-'': decrements a verb's velency


==Phrases==
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it
*Thank you = ''Gôr-má thà gad!''


==Sample texts==
==Sample text==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Scuil shéibh bî-bî na fà go thúa mâ dè bân chor-stuid thàn creó dè thàn chor-cing. Séibh mî go [endowed with reason and conscience], dè [they should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood].''
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.


:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
:As the people moved eastward...


[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]

Latest revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

Not to be confused with the Earth language Fungor, also known as Ko.
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4/Wordlist
IlL/Spare pages 1/4
lees ndoigh Komh
Created byIlL
SettingVerse:Tricin
Native toBjeheond
Hlou-Shum
  • IlL/Spare pages 1/4
  • Latin (Uncial)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

4 (English: /koʊ/, natively lees ndoigh Komh /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in Bjeheond; as a Hlou-Shum language, it's related to Hlou. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.

Todo

Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"

  • Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
    • Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
  • dor = to be born ~ Hlou Ndol 'person'
  • TODO: kl gl sk > q
  • bach = small, meer = big
  • hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
  • kein = archaic negative word
  • ein = emphasis/'rather'
  • koobh = good
  • cu = copper

Phonology

4 has fewer initials than Hlou, due to initial mutations.

Phonotactics

C + V + tone

Initials

m n ņ l nl r y w = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/

hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/

p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/

pl bl tl dl = /hl bl tl dl/

ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/

phl bhl thl dhl /fl vl ɬ ɮ/

np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/

npl nbl ntl ndl /bl ml dl nl/

f ç s x = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/

nf nç ns nx, also fh çh sh xh = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/

Rimes

a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/

Tones

9 tones:

  • -Ø: mid level
  • -ch: glottal stop final
  • -s: low falling
  • -r: low rising
  • -gh: low breathy
  • -mh: creaky
  • -bh: mid rising
  • -dh: high falling
  • -n: high level

Grammar

Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.

Nouns

plural word: yoo-L (placed after classifier but before noun)

Pronouns

  • xan = I
  • çeedh = you

Classifiers

Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.

lu, tzagh, hņoobh, lees, çua, yaus, ...

  • lu = humans, gods
    • faon = a man; lu nfaon = the man (classifier lu)
  • tçagh = animals, demons
    • plaidh = a dog; tçagh nplaidh = the dog (classifier tçagh)
    • tçagh Nja Ber Woch = a demon in Ko mythology
  • hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
    • qo = a tree; hņoobh nqo the tree
  • çua: infinitive
    • dor = is born; çua ndor = to be born (inf.)
  • lobh: food, edible plants
  • zail: inedible plants
  • lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
    • doigh = 'to speak'; lees ndoigh 'language'
  • In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English murder of crows except "murder" is a classifier)

Verbs

ba = subjunctive marker

Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh = If you like it

Sample text

Tower of Babel

Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.
CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.
Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.
when CLF PL person travel eastward then
As the people moved eastward...
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