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User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8 (view source)

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{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==


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* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
'''Medial (μ)'''
'''Medial (μ)'''
* Medials re optional
* Medials are optional
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
Line 70: Line 84:


===Ortography===
===Ortography===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! colspan="2" | Romanization
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
|-
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
|r
|r
|/ɾ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
|o
|o
|/o/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|/a/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
|n
|n
|/n/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|/e/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
|s
|s
|/s/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|ø
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|ŋ
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|/i/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|/u/
|-  style="height:40px" |
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|g
|g
|/ɣ/
|}
==Verbs==


====Romanization====
===Phonotactic restrictions===
{{Div col||25em}}
* t → t
* k → k
* m → m
* n → n
* ŋ → ŋ
* '''β → b'''
* '''ɸ → f'''
* '''ð → d'''
* '''θ → þ'''
* '''ɣ → g'''
* h → h
* s → s
* '''ɾ → r'''
* l → l
* j → j
* w → w
* a → a
* e → e
* i → i
* '''ɒ → ø'''
* o → o
* u → u
{{Div col end}}


==Verbs==
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:


*<code>-a</code>
*<code>-an</code>
===Dependency structure===
===Dependency structure===


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===Aspect===
===Aspect===


Muna has five aspect suffixes and one unmarked aspect:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
! Description
|-
|'''Gnomic'''
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|'''Perfective'''
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|'''Imperfective'''
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|'''Ingressive'''
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|'''Pausative'''
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|'''Resumptive'''
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|'''Egressive'''
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|}


;Perfective
===Mood===
:The perfective aspect indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence. The perfective aspect in muna can also act as gnomic depending on the sentence itself.


;Imperfective
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
:The imperfective is unmarked and indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.


;Ingressive
==Nouns==
:The ingressive aspect marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state (I'm beginning to eat, I'm starting to become fat).


;Pausative
===Phonotactic restrictions===
:The pausative marks the stopping of an action without it being completed or carried out thoroughly (atelic construction), depending on context it can imply that the action will be finished in the future.
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:


;Resumptive
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
: Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>


;Egressive
===Noun classes===
: The egressive case marks the stopping of an action, but unlike the pausative, it implies the completion of the action (telic construction).


===Mood===
'''Gender'''
 
*Masculine
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>


==Nouns==
'''Strength'''
*Weak
*:The word ends in a vowel
*Strong
*:The word ends in a consonant


===Dependency structure===
===Dependency structure===
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===Case===
===Case===


Muna has six grammatical cases
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
*Nominative
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
*:{{box|'''-a, -e, -i, -ai, -ei'''}}
!colspan="3"|Declension
*:The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
!rowspan="2"|Description
*:<small>''If a word naturally ends in another vowel, that form will be used instead''</small>
|-
 
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
*Absolutive
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
*:{{box|'''-ɒ, -o, -u, -ɒu, -ou'''}}
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
*:The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
 
| '''Nominative'''
*Dative
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
*:{{box|'''-an, -en, -in, -ain, -ein'''}}
|
*:The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|
 
|
*Genitive
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
*:{{box|'''-asi, -esi, -isi, -aisi, -eisi'''}}
|-
*:The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
| '''Absolutive'''
 
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
*Locative
|
*:{{box|'''-ɒrd, -ord, -urd, -ɒurd, -ourd'''}}
|
*:The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|
 
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
*Instrumental
|-
*:{{box|'''-ɒle, -ole, -ule, -ɒule, -oule'''}}
| '''Dative'''
*:The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
| '''Genitive'''
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
| '''Locative'''
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
| '''Instrumental'''
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|}


===Number===
===Number===
Muna distinguishes five different numbers, two for count nouns and three for mass nouns


====Count nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
*Singular
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
*:{{box|'''-∅'''}}
! Suffix
*:Single instance (pen)
! style="width:200px" | Description
 
! style="width:100px" | English
*Plural
|-
*:{{box|'''-r, -ar'''}}
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
*:Multiple instances (pens)
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
 
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
====Mass nouns====
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
*Singulative
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
*:{{box|'''-h, -ah'''}}
|-
*:Single unit of the instance (a drop of water)
| '''Plural'''
 
|
*Mass
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
*:{{box|'''-∅'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
*:Single instance (water)
|-
 
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
*Plurative
| '''Singulative'''
*:{{box|'''-r, -ar'''}}
|
*:Multiple instances (waters)
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single unit of the instance
 
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
===Genders===
|-
*Feminine
| '''Mass'''
*:{{box|'''-a, -ɒ, -ai, -ɒu'''}}
| -∅
*:Words whose stem ends with an open vowel or a diphthong with one
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
 
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
*Masculine
|-
*:{{box|'''-e, -o, -ei, -ou'''}}
| '''Plurative'''
*:Words whose stem ends with a mid vowel or a diphthong with one
|
 
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
*Neuter
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
*:{{box|'''-i, -u'''}}
|}
*:Words whose stem ends with a close vowel


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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==Muna Versions==
==Muna Versions==
Current version is v2.8, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
* [[Muna/v21|Muna v21]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
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