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|name          = Muna
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = /ˈmuna/
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|region        =
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|fam1          = Conlang
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|fam2          = Proto-muna
|creator      = Miguel Bartelsman
|creator      = Miguel Bartelsman
|created      = 2015
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|setting      = Fantasy world
|script        = Krotan alphabet, Latin alphabet
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
|map          =  
* Latin alphabet
|clcr          = qmu
}}
}}


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
 
{{ambox|nocat=true|text=Apply allophones as sound changes and revise phonology and phonotactics to match this|type=content}}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
Line 187: Line 186:
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and the lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>


Line 212: Line 210:
::[∅w] → [ʋ]
::[∅w] → [ʋ]


===Ortography===
==Orthography==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
 
! colspan="4" | Ortography
===Krotan Orthography===
|-
 
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
===Muna Spoken Language Transcription (MSLT)===
! colspan="2" | Romanization
Muna Spoken Language Transcription is a romanization system which focuses on rendering the sounds of the Muna language instead of the characters of the Krotan script, encompassing universal allophonic changes within its rules.
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
 
|-
===Standard Krotan Transliteration (SKT)===
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
Standard Krotan Transliteration is a writing system transliterated from Krotan used to render Muna in the latin script. SKT does not use digraphs, instead it uses a set of diacritics and extended glyphs to render characters in a more intuitive way.
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
 
|- style="height:40px" |
===Basic Krotan Transliteration (BKT)===
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
Basic Krotan Transliteration is used for the same purposes as SKT, but it focuses on ease of typing instead of appearance and one-on-one correspondence.
|k
 
|k
===Transliteration table===
|/k/
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="height:40px" |
|- style="height:50px" |  
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
!style="width:80px" | Krotan
|r
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x25px]]
|r
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x25px]]
|/ɾ/
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x25px]]
|- style="height:40px" |
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x25px]]
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x25px]]
|o
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x25px]]
|o
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x25px]]
|/o/
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x25px]]
|- style="height:40px" |
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x25px]]
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x25px]]
|t
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x25px]]
|t
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x25px]]
|/t/
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x25px]]
|- style="height:40px" |
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x25px]]
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x25px]]
|a
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x25px]]
|a
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x25px]]
|/a/
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x25px]]
|- style="height:40px" |
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x25px]]
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x25px]]
|n
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x25px]]
|n
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x25px]]
|/n/
| style="width:25px" |[[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x25px]]
|- style="height:40px" |
|- style="font-size:;"
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
! style="font-size:;"| SKT
|h
| k
|h
| r
|/h/
| o
|- style="height:40px" |
| t
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
| a
|e
| n
|e
| h
|/e/
| e
|- style="height:40px" |
| s
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
| þ
|s
| b
|s
| v
|/s/
| f
|- style="height:40px" |
| p
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
| ø
|D
| ŋ
|þ
| l
|/θ/
| j
|- style="height:40px" |
| d
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
| i
|b
| m
|b
| u
|/β/
| g
|- style="height:40px" |
|- style="font-size:;"
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
! style="font-size:;"| BKT
|w
| k
|w
| r
|/w/
| o
|- style="height:40px" |
| t
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
| a
|f
| n
|f
| h
|/ɸ/
| e
|- style="height:40px" |
| s
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
| dh
|p
| b
|p
| w
|/p/
| f
|- style="height:40px" |
| p
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
| ao
|A
| ng
|ø
| l
|/ɒ/
| j
|- style="height:40px" |
| d
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
| i
|N
| m
|ŋ
| u
|/ŋ/
| g
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|/i/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|/u/
|-  style="height:40px" |
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|g
|g
|/ɣ/
|}
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Verbs agree with the most active argument in both number and person.


===Phonotactic restrictions===
===Verb morphology===
Verbs can be conjugated for:
* Tense
** Past
** Present
** Future
* Polarity
** Positive
** Negative


Verbs in their infinitive form must end in one of the following patterns:
Coverbs may be used to mark:
* Aspect
** Perfective
** Imperfective
** Ingressive
** Pausative
** Resumptive
** Egressive


*<code>-a</code>
* Mood
*<code>-an</code>
** Volitive
** Potential
** Conditional
** Imperative
*** Prohibitive


===Tense===
===Conjugations===


Muna does not inflect its verbs for tense, instead, speakers can use a time word or adverb for this purpose.
Verbs in Muna have three conjugations depending on the 'thematic vowel' of the verb (the nucleus of the penultimate syllable of the base form). Verbs are named based on the second person Singular / singulative future suffix.


===Aspect===
==== Ir-verbs ====
Ir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either <code>a</code> or <code>e</code> and are not preceded by <code>j</code> and are characterized by raising of the thematic vowel in the future tense


* <code>Gnomic</code>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
* <code>Perfective</code>
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |
* <code>Imperfective</code>
! colspan="3" | Singular / singulative
* <code>Ingressive</code>
! colspan="3" | Plural / plurative
* <code>Pausative</code>
|-
* <code>Resumptive</code>
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
* <code>Egressive</code>
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="6" | v-a
|-
! Past
| v-e
| colspan="2" | v-er
| v-ohan
| v-orn
| v-on
|-
! Present
| v-a
| colspan="2" | v-ar
| v-ahan
| v-arn
| v-an
|-
! Future
| v̝-i
| colspan="2" | v̝-ir
| v̝-ihan
| v̝-irn
| v̝-in
|}


===Mood===


Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | <big>''hema''</big>
! colspan="3" | Singular / singulative
! colspan="3" | Plural / plurative
|-
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="6" | hem'''a'''
|-
! Past
| hem'''e'''
| colspan="2" | hem'''er'''
| hem'''ohan'''
| hem'''orn'''
| hem'''on'''
|-
! Present
| hem'''a'''
| colspan="2" | hem'''ar'''
| hem'''ahan'''
| hem'''arn'''
| hem'''an'''
|-
! Future
| h'''i'''m'''i'''
| colspan="2" | h'''i'''m'''ir'''
| h'''i'''m'''ihan'''
| h'''i'''m'''irn'''
| h'''i'''m'''in'''
|}
 
==== -Air verbs ====
Air-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either <code>a</code> or <code>e</code> and are preceded by <code>j</code> and are characterized by backing of the thematic vowel in the future tense
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |
! colspan="3" | Singular / singulative
! colspan="3" | Plural / plurative
|-
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="6" | v-a
|-
! Past
| v-e
| colspan="2" | v-er
| v-ohan
| v-orn
| v-on
|-
! Present
| v-a
| colspan="2" | v-ar
| v-ahan
| v-arn
| v-an
|-
! Future
| v̙-i
| v̙-air
| v̙-ir
| v̙-aihan
| v̙-airn
| v̙-ain
|}
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | <big>''kjesta''</big>
! colspan="3" | Singular / singulative
! colspan="3" | Plural / plurative
|-
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="6" | kjest'''a'''
|-
! Past
| kjest'''e'''
| colspan="2" | kjest'''er'''
| kjest'''ohan'''
| kjest'''orn'''
| kjest'''on'''
|-
! Present
| kjest'''a'''
| colspan="2" | kjest'''ar'''
| kjest'''ahan'''
| kjest'''arn'''
| kjest'''an'''
|-
! Future
| kj'''o'''st'''i'''
| kj'''o'''st'''air'''
| kj'''o'''st'''ir'''
| kj'''o'''st'''aihan'''
| kj'''o'''st'''airn'''
| kj'''o'''st'''ain'''
|}
 
==== -Asir verbs ====
Asir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is not <code>a</code> nor <code>e</code>, these verbs do not have their thematic vowel modified.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" |
! colspan="3" | Singular / singulative
! colspan="3" | Plural / plurative
|-
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="6" | -a
|-
! Past
| -as
| -aser
| -ase
| -ahon
| colspan="2" | -aron
|-
! Present
| -a
| -asar
| -asa
| -ahan
| colspan="2" | -aran
|-
! Future
| -ai
| -asir
| -asi
| -aihan
| colspan="2" | -airan
|}


===Dependency structure===


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Adverb
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;" | <big>''runa''</big>
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Tense
! colspan="3" | Singular / singulative
| rowspan="2" style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Modifier
! colspan="3" | Plural / plurative
! colspan="2" | Verb
|-
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
! style="width:60px;" | 1st
! style="width:60px;" | 2nd
! style="width:60px;" | 3rd
|-
! Infinitive
| colspan="6" | run'''a'''
|-
! Past
| run'''as'''
| run'''aser'''
| run'''ase'''
| run'''ahon'''
| colspan="2" | run'''aron'''
|-
! Present
| run'''a'''
| run'''asar'''
| run'''asa'''
| run'''ahan'''
| colspan="2" | run'''aran'''
|-
|-
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Root
! Future
| style="padding: 4px 15px;" | Aspect
| run'''ai'''
| run'''asir'''
| run'''asi'''
| run'''aihan'''
| colspan="2" | run'''airan'''
|}
|}
===Negative polarity===
To invert a verb's polarity the suffix <code>nja</code> is appended after conjugating the verb. If the verb already ends in a nasal consonant then <code>ja</code> is added instead
==='''Coverbs'''===
==='''Dependency structure'''===


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Line 414: Line 615:
* <code>Plural</code>
* <code>Plural</code>
* <code>Singulative</code>
* <code>Singulative</code>
* <code>Mass</code>
* <code>Plurative</code>
* <code>Plurative</code>


Line 453: Line 653:


==Muna Versions==
==Muna Versions==
Current version is v2.9, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below
* ''[[Muna|Muna v2.10]]''
* [[Muna|Muna v2.8]]
* '''[[Muna|Muna v2.8]]'''
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/38220...230312"