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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
This is a tribute to [[Minhast]], by [[User:Anyar|Chris Borillo]]: a Minhastid of sorts. | This is a tribute to [[Minhast]], by [[User:Anyar|Chris Borillo]]: a Minhastid of sorts, nicknamed Crane Speaker Dialect (CSD), a lost branch of the Upper Minhast group of the Historical Regional Dialects of Minhast. It is spoken in a secluded cluster of settlements in one of the Ryu Kyu Islands by some 700 people, originally fishermen and workers who had left Minhay for Japan but ended up fleeing for the Ryu Kyus to avoind getting involved in the happenings of WWI. About 37% of the CSD speakers are monolingual, 60% are CSD-Uchinaaguchi bilinguals and 3% speak CSD, Uchinaaguchi and also Japanese. | ||
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Typologically, Minhast is an ergative, polysynthetic language. Verbal morphology is highly aggluginative and performs noun incorporation and other complex valence operations. Unmarked word order is SOV. Ergativity surfaces both at the morphologic and syntactic levels. Both its ergative and polysynthetic characteristics have generated much academic research in comparative and theoretical linguistics. | Typologically, Minhast is an ergative, polysynthetic language. Verbal morphology is highly aggluginative and performs noun incorporation and other complex valence operations. Unmarked word order is SOV. Ergativity surfaces both at the morphologic and syntactic levels. Both its ergative and polysynthetic characteristics have generated much academic research in comparative and theoretical linguistics. | ||
Revision as of 08:42, 11 February 2016
| Crane Speaker Dialect | |
|---|---|
| [Minhastid] | |
| Pronunciation | [/'min.hɑst/] |
| Created by | – |
| Native to | .... |
| Native speakers | .... (....) |
Minhastid Languages
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | .... |
Introduction
This is a tribute to Minhast, by Chris Borillo: a Minhastid of sorts, nicknamed Crane Speaker Dialect (CSD), a lost branch of the Upper Minhast group of the Historical Regional Dialects of Minhast. It is spoken in a secluded cluster of settlements in one of the Ryu Kyu Islands by some 700 people, originally fishermen and workers who had left Minhay for Japan but ended up fleeing for the Ryu Kyus to avoind getting involved in the happenings of WWI. About 37% of the CSD speakers are monolingual, 60% are CSD-Uchinaaguchi bilinguals and 3% speak CSD, Uchinaaguchi and also Japanese.
Phonology and Orthography
Phonemic Inventory
The following chart contains the consonants in the Crane Speaker dialect phonology. A variation on the Minhast Latinized alphabet is used throughout this article (see Orthography below).
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | Laryngeal | Pharyngeal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||||
| Fricative | f | s z | ʃ ʒ | χ | ʔ | h | ħ | |
| Affricates | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Approximants | w | j | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l |
Minhast Vowel Inventory
| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near-close | ||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Near-open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Vowel length is distinctive. Devoiced vowels occur as allophones frequently, based on regular phonotactic rules:
| Short | Long | Devoiced |
|---|---|---|
| a | ā | [ạ] |
| e | ē | [ẹ] |
| i | ī | [ị] |
| u | ū | [ụ] |
Syllabic Structure and Phonemic Interactions
As it is the case in Minhast, words are subject to complex morphophonemic changes resulting from interactions with other morphemes occurring in the word. The verb is particularly complex in the various sound changes that may occur as a result of noun incorporation as well as the agglutinative processes involved in conjugation and other inflectional processes. These phonemic changes can be broken down according to the following classifications:
- Assimilation
- Metathesis
- Syncope
- Epenthesis
- Voicing/Devoicing
- Aspiration
These complex morphophonemic interactions operate according to the general phonological principals outlined below:
- No syllable can have a consonant cluster of more than two consonants. Syncope can be applied only if a biconsonantal cluster is formed, and the vowel is not a part of a heavy syllable (i.e. the vowel is long, or it occurs in a VCC sequence).
- No Minhast word can have an initial consonant cluster. After any initial consonant cluster results from one or more of the possible morphophonemic alternations described below, an epenthetic is automatically appended to the head of the word to form the permissible iCC- pattern.
- An epenthetic vowel is always inserted between two syllables if combining the syllables results in a triconsonantal cluster. The default epenthetic vowel is -i-, but the other 3 vowels may also be used, depending on multiple factors (e.g. vowel harmony, an underlying quiescent initial vowel as part of the attached morpheme, etc.)
- Minhast has a strong tendency to form intermedial clusters, either or , providing that Rules #1-#3 are observed. If necessary, an epenthetic vowel may be added before or after the syllable to create these syllabic patterns, e.g. e.g. kanut-maris-kar- >> -kant-(u)-maris-kar
- The tendency to form intermedial consonant clusters creates complex assimilation interactions that nevertheless are predictable and almost always regular. These interactions are illustrated in Table X below:
Crane Speaker Dialect Phonotactics Table
Initial Consonant Final Consonant f p b k x g t d s ś z l r m n h w y f /ff/ /p͡f/ /ff/ /fk/ /fχ/ /fk/ /ft/ /ft/ /fs/ /fʃ/ [pʃ] /fs/ /fl/ /fr/ /fm/ /fn/ /ph/ [pχ] /fw/ /fj/ p pfV, ppC /pp/ /pb/ [pf] /pk/ /pχ/ /pk/ /pt/ /pt/ /ps/ /pʃ/ [pʼʃ] /ps/ /pl/ /pr/ /pm/ /pn/ /ph/ [pf] /pw/ /pj/ [pç] b /p͡f/ /pp/ /bb/ /pk/ /bχ/ [pχ] /mg/ /bt/ /bt/ [bɖ] /ps/ /bʃ/ [pʼʃ] /ps/ /bl/ /br/ /bb/ /bn/ [bɖ] /ph/ [pχ] /bw/ /bj/ [pj] k /kf/ /kp/ /kw/ /kk/ /kχ/ /kg/ [gː] /kt/ /kt/ /ks/ /kʃ/ [kʼʃ] /ks/ /kl/ /kr/ /km/ /kn/ /kh/ [kχ] /kw/ /kj/ [c͡ç] x /χf/ /χp/ /χp/ /χk/ [χː] /χː/ /χk/ [χː] /χt/ /χt/ /χs/ /χʃ/ /χs/ /χl/ /χr/ [ʁː] /χm/ /χn/ /χh/ [χː] /χw/ /χj/ [xj] g /kf/ /kp/ /gb/ /gk/ [ŋk] /gχ/ [χː] /gg/ /gt/ /gd/ /gs/ [k͡s] /gʃ/ [kʃ] /gs/ [k͡s] /gl/ /gr/ /gm/ /gn/ /gh/ [q͡χ] /gw/ /gj/ [c͡ʝ] t /tf/ /tp/ /tp/ /tk/ /tx/ /tk/ /tt/ /tt/ [ɖː] /ts/ /tʃ/ [ʧː] /ts/ /tl/ /tɾ/ [t͡ɻ]~[ʈ͡ʐ] /tm/ [tʼm] /tn/ [tʼn] /th/ [tχ] /tw/ /tj/ [ɖ͡ɟ] d /tf/ [ɖf] /tp/ /bb/ /dk/ /dχ/ [tχ] /dg/ [ʈg] /tt/ [ʈː] /dd/ /ts/ /tʃ/ [ʧː] /ts/ /dl/ /dr/ /dm/ [ʈm] /dn/ [ʈn] /dh/ [ʤ] /dw/ [ʈw] /dj/ [d͡ɟ] s /sf/ /sp/ /sb/ [sp] /sk/ /sχ/ [ʃ] /sk/ /st/ /st/ /ss/ /ʃ/ [ʃː] /ss/ /sl/ /sr/ /sm/ /sn/ /sh/ [ɬ] /sw/ /sj/ [ʂʝ] ś /ʃf/ /ʃp/ /ʃp/ /ʃk/ /ʃː/ /ʃk/ /ʃt/ /ʃt/ /ʃː/ /ʃː/ /ʃː/ /ʃl/ /ʃr/ [t͡ɻ]~[ʈ͡ʐ] /ʃm/ /ʃn/ /ʃː/ /ʃw/ /ʃj/ [ʂ͡ɟ] z /sf/ /sp/ /zb/ /sk/ /sχ/ [ʐː] /zg/ /st/ /zd/ /ss/ /zʃ/ [ʤː] /zz/ /zl/ /zr/ [ʈ͡ʐ] /zm/ /zn/ /zh/ [ʈ͡ʐ] /ʦw/ /ʦj/ l /lf/ /lp/ /lb/ lkV, kkC /lχ/ [ɮ] /lg/ /lt/ [lɖ] /ld/ [ɖɖ] /ls/ /lʃ/ [ɬɬ] /lz/ [t͡ɮ] /ll/ /lr/ [r] /lm/ /ln/ [lɳ] /lh/ [ɮː] /lw/ /ly/ [ʎː] r /fr/ /pr/ /fr/ /kr/ /χr/ [xɾ] /gr/ /tr/ /dr/ /sr/ [ɖɾ] /ʃɾ/ [ʧː] /sr/ [ɖɾ] /ɽː/ /r/ /rm/ /rn/ /rh/ [ʒː] /rw/ /rj/ [ɖ͡ɟ] m /p͡f/ /mp/ /mm/ /mk/ /mχ/ /mk/ /mt/ /md/ [mɖ] /ms/ /mʃ/ /ms/ /ml/ /mr/ /mm/ /mn/ /mh/ [nχ] /mw/ /mj/ n /nf/ /mp/ /mm/ /ng/ [ŋ(ː)] /nχ/ /nk/ [ŋk] /nt/ /nd/ [nɖ] /ns/ /nʃ/ [ʤː] /ns/ /nl/ [ɖː] /r/ /nm/ /nn/ /nh/ /nw/ /nj/ [ɲ(ː)] h /p͡f/ /χp/ /χp/ /χk/ /χː/ /χk/ /χt/ /χt/ /sχ/ /χʃ/ [ʃː] /χs/ /χl/ /χr/ /χm/ /χn/ /χh/ [χː] /χw/ /χj/ [c͡ç] Orthography
The Crane Speaker Dialect uses two writing systems. One of them is a variant of the "Ammerkast" Latin script for Minhast, itself a an adaptation of the Americanist phonetic notation, with the exception of the grapheme <ħ>, which was adopted from IPA. Note the glottal stop <'> is usually not written unless there is a hiatus between two vowels.
"Ammerkast" variant a, á, e, é, i, í, u, ú, ('), b, p, f, d, t, g, k, x, n, m, l, r, z, s, ś, h, ħ, w, y
Another system is an indigenous script, adapted from the Uchinaaguchi kana system.