User:Waahlis/Hrasic

Hrasic
Hrasú múng
Pronunciation	[/ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/]
Created by	–
Native to	Azerbaijan, Russia; Republic of Dagestan
Native speakers	301,486 (2012)
Language family	Menmer languages Hrasic
Early form	Proto-Men
Official status
Regulated by	Ahrasú rám amúng nánshi
Language codes
ISO 639-1	hr
ISO 639-2	hr
ISO 639-3	qhr

Hrasú múng, /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, Hrasú or Hrasic /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the Eastern Caucasus, by the Hrasú people. The population is dispersed over an area covering the Eastern parts of w:Dagestan in w:Russia, as well as the area around Baku in w:Azerbaijan. The number of speakers were in 2012 estimated to be about 300,000, and increasing.

The language is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Hrasic has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically w:nominative-accusative. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.

Background

The Hrasic language, or Hrasú, is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world.

Phonology

Consonants

The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.

Hrasú consonants

Consonants
		Bilabial	Denti-alveolar		Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			apical	laminal
Nasals	plain	m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosives	aspirated	bh /pʰ/	th /t̺ʰ/			ch /kʰ/
	unvoiced	p /p/		t /t/		c /k/
	voiced	b /b/		d /d/		g /g/
Fricatives	unvoiced		sh /s̺ʰ/	s /s/	h /ç ~ x ~ h/
	voiced			z /z/	y /ʝ/
Trills				r /r/
Approximants		hu /w/
Laterals				l /l ~ ɬ/

Consonant allophony

Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.

The glottal fricative

The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.

hlá
/ˈhɬæ/	=	/ˈxɬæ/	=	/ˈçɬæ/
good; well

The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation, producing the palatal fricative [ç]. If followed by a rhotic trill /r/, the pronunciation becomes uvular.

hyó				hrasú
/ˈhʝə/	→	[ˈçə]		/ˈhrɑsɯ/	→	[ˈχrʌsɯ]
to leave.subj				pride

Palatalisation

Palatalisation occurs due to many factors:

• The phonemes /ʝ/ and /ɪ/, the voiced palatal fricative and the near-close near-front vowel, tend to palatalise adjacent consonants internally.
• Externally, a final voiced velar stop, /g/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.

All post-bilabial consonants are affected, except the rhotic /r/ and the aspirated apical fricative /s̺ʰ/. As such, the allophony is rather extensive:

Plain	/n/	/t/	/d/	/s/	/z/	/l/	/ŋ/	/k/	/g/	/kʰ/	/t̺ʰ /	/h/
Palatalised	[ɲ]	[t͡ʃ]	[d͡ʒ]	[ʃ]	[ʒ]	[ʎ]	[ɲ]1	[t͡ʃ]	[d͡ʒ]	[k]	[t]	[ç]

1. Realised as /ŋg/ when non-initial. This grants /ŋg/ → [ɲd͡ʒ].

hráni				tian				átzi?				móngi
/ˈhrænɪ/	→	[ˈχræɲɪ]		/ˈtɪɑn/	→	[ˈt͡ʃɪan]		/ˈætzɪ/	→	[ˈætʃɪ]		/ˈməŋgɪ/	→	[ˈməɲd͡ʒɪ]
spider, hand				friend				now.int				to go.subj.

Voicedness

Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.

hlá				gyáng-sóm				átzi?				méngshi
/ˈçlæ/	→	/ˈçɬæ/		/ˈgʝæŋgsəm/	→	/ˈgʝæŋgzəm/		/ˈætzɪ/	→	/ˈætsɪ/		/ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/	→	/ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/
good; well; happy				to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf				now.int				to dance.subj.caus

The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.

Vowels

Hrasú vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	é /i/				ú /ɯ/
Near-close		i /ɪ/		u /ʊ/
Close-mid
Mid			ó /ə/
Open-mid	e /ɛ/				a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/
Near-open	á /æ/
Open					a /ɑ/

Morphology

Nominal

Declension

Declension of hrasú

1.inan	hrasú - pride
	singular	dual	plural
Nominative	hrasú	ahrasú	hrasún
Accusative	hrasúm	ahrasúm	hrasúm
Dative	hrási	ehrási	hrásin
Instrumental	hrásin	ehrásin	hrásin
Genitive	ihrási	ehrási	ihrásin
Vocative	ahrasú	ahrasú	ahrasún

Sample phrases

• Thún sóm hyó-ác?
• Thún ác gyáng-sóm téngi!
• Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.