User:Waahlis/Hrasic
Hrasú múng, /ˈχrʌsɯ ˈmɯŋg̚/, Hrasú or Hrasic /ˈkɹæzɪk/ is a language spoken in the Eastern Caucasus, by the Hrasú people.
Phonology
Consonants
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Hrasú language. There are 20 contrastive consonants.
| Consonants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
| apical | laminal | |||||||
| Nasals | plain | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosives | aspirated | bh /pʰ/ | th /t̺ʰ/ | ch /kʰ/ | ||||
| unvoiced | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | |||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricatives | unvoiced | sh /s̺ʰ/ | s /s/ | h /ç ~ x ~ h/ | ||||
| voiced | z /z/ | y /ʝ/ | ||||||
| Trills | r /r/ | |||||||
| Approximants | hu /w/ | |||||||
| Laterals | l /l ~ ɬ/ | |||||||
Consonant allophony
Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.
The glottal fricative
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
| hlá | ||||
| /ˈhɬæ/ | = | /ˈxɬæ/ | = | /ˈçɬæ/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| good; well | ||||
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation, producing the palatal fricative [ç]. If followed by a rhotic trill /r/, the pronunciation becomes uvular.
| hyó | hrasú | |||||
| /ˈhʝə/ | → | [ˈçə] | /ˈhrɑsɯ/ | → | [ˈχrʌsɯ] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| to leave.subj | pride | |||||
Palatalisation
Palatalisation occurs due to many factors:
- The phonemes /ʝ/ and /ɪ/, the voiced palatal fricative and the near-close near-front vowel, tend to palatalise adjacent consonants internally.
- Externally, a final voiced velar stop, /g/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.
All post-bilabial consonants are affected, except the rhotic /r/ and the aspirated apical fricative /s̺ʰ/. As such, the allophony is rather extensive:
| Plain | /n/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /l/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /g/ | /kʰ/ | /t̺ʰ / | /h/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalised | [ɲ] | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [ʎ] | [ɲ]1 | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [k] | [t] | [ç] |
- Realised as /ŋg/ when non-initial. This grants /ŋg/ → [ɲd͡ʒ].
Voicedness
Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.
| hlá | gyáng-sóm | átzi? | méngshi | |||||||||||
| /ˈçlæ/ | → | /ˈçɬæ/ | /ˈgʝæŋgsəm/ | → | /ˈgʝæŋgzəm/ | /ˈætzɪ/ | → | /ˈætsɪ/ | /ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/ | → | /ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/ | |||
| good; well; happy | to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf | now.int | to dance.subj.caus | |||||||||||
The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | é /i/ | ú /ɯ/ | |||
| Near-close | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | |||
| Close-mid | |||||
| Mid | ó /ə/ | ||||
| Open-mid | e /ɛ/ | a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/ | |||
| Near-open | á /æ/ | ||||
| Open | a /ɑ/ |
Morphophonology
Phonological processes
Sample phrases
- Thún sóm hyó-ác?
- Thún ác gyáng-sóm téngi!
- Men gyáng-tum ác ráráchu bhángi, dánin huéng-tu tugángi at.