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| ==On the Syntax and Topic of Tsan== | | ==Modern Spanish== |
| ===1. Dynamic and Stative verbals===
| | '''Kasteyanu moernu''' - [kaht̪e̞ˈd͡ʒãnʊ mɔˈʋe̞rnʊ] |
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| {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
| | [ʊɱˈfrɪːə məɲˈjanə ˈlə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ aː ə̃pe̞ˈzað̞ʊ ə zʊplaː zɔβ̞rə ʊmpe̞ˈkɪɲjʊ pwe̞β̞lʊ kaʊ̯ˈzãð̞ʊ ðe̞tːˈrɔsɔ | ke̞ː ʍe̞rtə zɔ zə ˈhaɪ̯tawə lə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ ʊnːʊβˈzɪtə kə lʊ ɔsːe̞rˈβaʋə lə aː ˈðɪʃʊ | tʊ tə ˈkrɪə mʊ ˈʍe̞rtə prʊ ʎə zɔl e̞ maː ˈʍe̞rtə kə tʊ| mɔˈʎɪtːʊ lə ˈbʒẽ̞tʊ aː β̞ʊskað̞ʊ alˈsɔl ɪ lə aː ˈðɪʃʊ | be̞z a aˈke̞ʎ ɔ̃βrə kɔ̃ zʊˈkapə | kʃẽ̞ː ˈlɔɣrə kɪˈtaːze̞ʎə zəˈra maː ˈʍe̞rtə] |
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| <!-- Sentence -->
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| | colspan="4"|'''Árá gáari.''' | |
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| !
| | For funzies. |
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| | colspan="5"| '''Árá ágáari.'''
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| !
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| | colspan="5"|'''Árá ságáari.'''
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| |-
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| <!-- Pronunciation-->
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| | colspan="4"| /áɣa cáːɣɪ/
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| !
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| | colspan="5"| /áɣa acáːɣɪ/
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| !
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| | colspan="5"|/áɣa sacáːɣɪ/
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| |-
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| <!-- Morphemes-->
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| |á-
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| |rá
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| |gáar
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| | -i
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| !
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| |á-
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| |rá
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| |á-
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| |gáar
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| | -i
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| !
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| |á-
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| |rá
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| |sá-
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| |gáar
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| | -i
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| |-
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| <!-- Gloss-->
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| |{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |like
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| |read
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| |{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
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| !
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| |{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |like
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| |{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |read
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| |{{sc|.rel}}
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| !
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| |{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |like
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| |{{sc|dyn.pres.perf.2.m.sg.}}
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| |read
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| |{{sc|.rel}}
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| |-
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| <!-- Translations -->
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| | colspan="4"| ''I like the book.''
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| !
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| | colspan="5"| ''I like when I read.'' (''I like to read'')
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| !
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| | colspan="5"|''I like when you read.''
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| |}
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| ===2. The Topic===
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| {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
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| |+
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| <!-- Sentence -->
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| | colspan="5"|'''Árás gáari.'''
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| !
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| | colspan="5"| '''Árá gáaris.'''
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| !
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| | colspan="6"|'''Árátsa gáaris'''
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| |-
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| <!-- Pronunciation-->
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| | colspan="5"| /áɣa cáːɣɪs/
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| !
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| | colspan="5"| /áɣas cáːɣɪ/
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| !
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| | colspan="6"|/áɣatsa cáːɣɪs/
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| |-
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| <!-- Morphemes-->
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| |á-
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| |rá
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| | -s
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| |gáar
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| | -i
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| !
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| |á-
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| |rá
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| |gáar
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| | -i-
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| | -s
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| !
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| |á-
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| |rá
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| | -tsa
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| |gáar
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| | -i
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| | -s
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| |-
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| <!-- Gloss-->
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| |{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |like
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| |{{sc|topic}}
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| |read
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| |{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
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| !
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| |{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |like
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| |read
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| |{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
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| |{{sc|topic}}
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| !
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| |{{sc|pres.perf.1.m.sg.}}
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| |like
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| |{{sc|neg.}}
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| |read
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| |{{sc|.stat.rel.3.n.sg}}
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| |{{sc|topic}}
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| |-
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| <!-- Translations -->
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| | colspan="5"| ''As for me, I like the book.''
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| !
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| | colspan="5"| ''I like the BOOK.''<sup>1</sup>
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| !
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| | colspan="6"|''I DON'T like the book.''
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| |}
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| # In English, one would stress the subject in the second sentence, I, but the book would still be the topic: "'''I''' don't like the book, but you do".
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| ===2.1 The Topic and Passivisation===
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| {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
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| <!-- Sentence -->
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| | colspan="9"|'''Éshis thagátsan yéenínayih.'''
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| !
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| | colspan="8"| '''Éshi thagátsan yéenínayis.'''
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| |-
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| <!-- Pronunciation-->
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| | colspan="9"|/ɛ́ɕɪs θaqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh/
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| !
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| | colspan="8"|/lɛ́ɕɪ θaqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs/
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| !
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| |-
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| <!-- Morphemes-->
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| |esh
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| | -i-
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| | -s
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| |‹tha›
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| |gátsa
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| | ‹n›
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| |‹yée›
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| |nína
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| |‹yih›
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| !
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| |esh
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| | -i
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| |‹tha›
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| |gátsa
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| | ‹n›
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| |‹yée›
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| |nína
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| |‹yis›
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| !
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| |-
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| <!-- Gloss-->
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| |bark
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| |{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
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| |{{sc|topic}}
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |bite
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
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| |be girly
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
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| !
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| |bark
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| |{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg}}
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |bite
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
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| |be girly
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
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| !
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| |-
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| <!-- Translations -->
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| | colspan="9"| ''The DOG bit the girl.''
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| !
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| | colspan="8"| ''The dog bit the GIRL.'' or ''The GIRL was bitten by the dog''
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| |}
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| ===2.2 The Topic, Passivisation and Incorporation===
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| {| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
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| |+
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| <!-- Sentence -->
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| | colspan="9"|'''Tha'éshigátsan yéenínayis.'''
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| !
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| | colspan="6"| '''Thagátsan yéenínayis.'''
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| |-
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| <!-- Pronunciation-->
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| | colspan="9"|/θaʔɛ́ɕɪqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪh/
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| !
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| | colspan="6"|/θaqát͡san jɛ́ːnɪ́najɪs/
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| !
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| |-
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| <!-- Morphemes-->
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| |‹tha›
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| | -'-
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| | -esh-
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| | -i-
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| |gátsa
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| | ‹n›
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| |‹yée›
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| |nína
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| |‹yis›
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| !
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| |‹tha›
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| |gátsa
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| | ‹n›
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| |‹yée›
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| |nína
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| |‹yis›
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| !
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| |-
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| <!-- Gloss-->
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| | {{sc|con}}
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| |bark
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| |{{sc|.rel.3.n.sg.con}}
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| |bite
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
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| |be girly
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
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| !
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |bite
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| |‹{{sc|past.perf.3.n.s}}›
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s}}›
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| |be girly
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| |‹{{sc|.rel.3.f.s + topic}}›
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| !
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| |-
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| <!-- Translations -->
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| | colspan="9"| ''The GIRL was dog-bitten.''
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| !
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| | colspan="6"| ''The GIRL was bitten.''
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| |}
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| ===2.3 The Topic and the Relativiser===
| |