Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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===Alphabet & Pronunciation===
===Alphabet & Pronunciation===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| <center>[[File:Northeadish-a-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-a.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-a-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-a-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-ae-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-ae.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-ae-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-ae-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-b-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-b.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-c-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-c.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-q-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-q.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-d-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-d.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-dh-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-dh.gif]]</center>
|-
| <center>[[Northeadish#a|[a,ə]]]<br />''aſc''<br />‘ash’</center> || <center>[ɑː]<br />''āher''<br />‘maple’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#.C3.A6_and_e|[ɛ]]]<br />''æſʌ''<br />‘ass’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#.C7.A3_and_.C4.93|[eː]]]<br />''ǣðra''<br />‘vein’</center> || <center>[b]<br />''berca''<br />‘birch’</center> || <center>[k]<br />''cᵫn''<br />‘family’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#q.2C_.E1.B5.B9.2C_and_.C6.95|[(u̯)k(w)]]]<br />''qᵫtɴ''<br />‘quince’</center> || <center>[d]<br />''dag''<br />‘day’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#.C3.B0.C3.BE.2C_vf|[ð,θ]]]<br />''ǣða''<br />‘either’</center>
|-
| <center>[[File:Northeadish-e-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-e.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-e-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-e-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-f-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-f.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-g-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-g.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-gw-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-gw.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-h-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-h.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-hw-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-hw.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-hw-final.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-i-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-i.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-i-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-i-mac.gif]]</center>
|-
| <center>[[Northeadish#.C3.A6_and_e|[ɛ]]]<br />''eɧ''<br />‘horse’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#.C7.A3_and_.C4.93|[eː]]]<br />''ēc''<br />‘oak’</center> || <center>[f] <br />''feha''<br />‘cattle’</center> || <center>[ɡ] <br />''geva''<br />‘gift’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#q.2C_.E1.B5.B9.2C_and_.C6.95|[(u̯)ɡ(w)]]]<br />''aᵹa''<br />‘terror’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#h|[h,ç,x]]] <br />''hagʌ''<br />‘hail’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#q.2C_.E1.B5.B9.2C_and_.C6.95|[(u̯)x(w)]]]<br />''ƕal''<br />‘whale’</center> || <center>[ɪ] <br />''iecʌ''<br />‘shard’</center> || <center>[iː] <br />''īs''<br />‘ice’</center>
|-
| <center>[[File:Northeadish-i-dot-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-i-dot.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-l-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-l.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-l-syl-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-l-syl.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-m-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-m.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-m-syl.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-n-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-n.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-n-syl.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-ng-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-ng.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-ng-syl-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-ng-syl.gif]]</center>
|-
| <center>[j]<br />''iār''<br />‘year’</center> || <center>[l]<br />''laga''<br />‘lake’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#Syllabics|[ɫ̩,əɫ]]]<br />''lītʌ''<br />‘small’</center> || <center>[m]<br />''man''<br />‘man’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#Syllabics|[m̩,əm]]]<br />''meðᴍ''<br />‘gift’</center> || <center>[n]<br />''nōðþ''<br />‘need’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#Syllabics|[n̩,ən]]]<br />''nevɴ''<br />‘nephew’</center> || <center>[ŋ(ɡ)]<br />''eŋᵹ''<br />‘Ingwaz’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#Syllabics|[ŋ̍(ɡ),əŋ(ɡ)]]]<br />''cᵫnx''<br />‘king’</center>
|-
| <center>[[File:Northeadish-o-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-o.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-o-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-o-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-oe-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-oe.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-oe-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-oe-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-p-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-p.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-r-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-r.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-r-syl.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-s-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-s.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-s-final.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-t-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-t.gif]]</center>
|-
| <center>[ɔ]<br />''åns''<br />‘deity’</center> || <center>[oː]<br />''ōðʌ''<br />‘land’</center> || <center>[œ]<br />''œ̄l''<br />‘oil’</center> || <center>[øː]<br />''œ̄g''<br />‘island’</center> || <center>[p]<br />''perðþ''<br />‘luck’</center> || <center>[ɾ]<br />''rēðþ''<br />‘wheel’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#Syllabics|[ɾ̩,əɾ]]]<br />''regʌ''<br />‘rule’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#.C5.BF.2C_s|[s,z]]]<br />''ſeᵹʌ''<br />‘sun’</center> || <center>[t]<br />''treᵹ''<br />‘tree’</center>
|-
| <center>[[File:Northeadish-th-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-th.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-u-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-u.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-u-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-u-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-ue-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-ue.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-ue-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-ue-mac.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-v-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-v.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-w-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-w.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-au-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-au.gif]]</center> || <center>[[File:Northeadish-au-mac-cap.gif]] [[File:Northeadish-au-mac.gif]]</center>
|-
| <center>[θ]<br />''þrun''<br />‘thorn’</center> || <center>[ʊ]<br />''ucs''<br />‘ox’</center> || <center>[uː]<br />''ūra''<br />‘aurochs’</center> || <center>[ʏ]<br />''ᵫvʌ''<br />‘evil’</center> || <center>[yː]<br />''ȳq''<br />‘toad’</center> || <center>[[Northeadish#v|[v,w]]]<br />''veða''<br />‘wood’</center> || <center>[w]<br />''wᵫn''<br />‘joy’</center> || <center>[ɔ,ɒ]<br />''ål''<br />‘ale’</center> || <center>[ɔː]<br />''ā̊hʌ''<br />‘seed’</center>
|}
(NB: The Gutish alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a Romanization of the letters shown in the table above.  [[Gutish#Romanization]])


===Orthography===
===Orthography===

Revision as of 21:44, 8 November 2016


Gutish is an East Germanic language descended from a language that was probably mutually intelligible with Gothic, though much of its corpus cannot have been inherited from the language of Wulfilas. It is likely, however, that the speakers of the ancestor of Gutish did consider themselves Goths, as reflected in its name. (It is likely similar in development to Modern High German – Deutsch – which is not directly descended from Old High German, but rather a similar dialect spoken by a group who also considered themselves “Diutisk.”) While it shares many of the areal changes of the Northwest Germanic languages, it is also marked by distinctive changes in palatalization, which, while similar to those of Old English, are most likely influenced by contact with Slavic languages.

Writing System

Alphabet & Pronunciation

Northeadish-a-cap.gif Northeadish-a.gif
Northeadish-a-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-a-mac.gif
Northeadish-ae-cap.gif Northeadish-ae.gif
Northeadish-ae-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-ae-mac.gif
Northeadish-b-cap.gif Northeadish-b.gif
Northeadish-c-cap.gif Northeadish-c.gif
Northeadish-q-cap.gif Northeadish-q.gif
Northeadish-d-cap.gif Northeadish-d.gif
Northeadish-dh-cap.gif Northeadish-dh.gif
[a,ə]
aſc
‘ash’
[ɑː]
āher
‘maple’
[ɛ]
æſʌ
‘ass’
[eː]
ǣðra
‘vein’
[b]
berca
‘birch’
[k]
cᵫn
‘family’
[(u̯)k(w)]
qᵫtɴ
‘quince’
[d]
dag
‘day’
[ð,θ]
ǣða
‘either’
Northeadish-e-cap.gif Northeadish-e.gif
Northeadish-e-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-e-mac.gif
Northeadish-f-cap.gif Northeadish-f.gif
Northeadish-g-cap.gif Northeadish-g.gif
Northeadish-gw-cap.gif Northeadish-gw.gif
Northeadish-h-cap.gif Northeadish-h.gif
Northeadish-hw-cap.gif Northeadish-hw.gif Northeadish-hw-final.gif
Northeadish-i-cap.gif Northeadish-i.gif
Northeadish-i-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-i-mac.gif
[ɛ]

‘horse’
[eː]
ēc
‘oak’
[f]
feha
‘cattle’
[ɡ]
geva
‘gift’
[(u̯)ɡ(w)]
aᵹa
‘terror’
[h,ç,x]
hagʌ
‘hail’
[(u̯)x(w)]
ƕal
‘whale’
[ɪ]
iecʌ
‘shard’
[iː]
īs
‘ice’
Northeadish-i-dot-cap.gif Northeadish-i-dot.gif
Northeadish-l-cap.gif Northeadish-l.gif
Northeadish-l-syl-cap.gif Northeadish-l-syl.gif
Northeadish-m-cap.gif Northeadish-m.gif
Northeadish-m-syl.gif
Northeadish-n-cap.gif Northeadish-n.gif
Northeadish-n-syl.gif
Northeadish-ng-cap.gif Northeadish-ng.gif
Northeadish-ng-syl-cap.gif Northeadish-ng-syl.gif
[j]
iār
‘year’
[l]
laga
‘lake’
[ɫ̩,əɫ]
lītʌ
‘small’
[m]
man
‘man’
[m̩,əm]
meðᴍ
‘gift’
[n]
nōðþ
‘need’
[n̩,ən]
nevɴ
‘nephew’
[ŋ(ɡ)]
eŋᵹ
‘Ingwaz’
[ŋ̍(ɡ),əŋ(ɡ)]
cᵫnx
‘king’
Northeadish-o-cap.gif Northeadish-o.gif
Northeadish-o-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-o-mac.gif
Northeadish-oe-cap.gif Northeadish-oe.gif
Northeadish-oe-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-oe-mac.gif
Northeadish-p-cap.gif Northeadish-p.gif
Northeadish-r-cap.gif Northeadish-r.gif
Northeadish-r-syl.gif
Northeadish-s-cap.gif Northeadish-s.gif Northeadish-s-final.gif
Northeadish-t-cap.gif Northeadish-t.gif
[ɔ]
åns
‘deity’
[oː]
ōðʌ
‘land’
[œ]
œ̄l
‘oil’
[øː]
œ̄g
‘island’
[p]
perðþ
‘luck’
[ɾ]
rēðþ
‘wheel’
[ɾ̩,əɾ]
regʌ
‘rule’
[s,z]
ſeᵹʌ
‘sun’
[t]
treᵹ
‘tree’
Northeadish-th-cap.gif Northeadish-th.gif
Northeadish-u-cap.gif Northeadish-u.gif
Northeadish-u-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-u-mac.gif
Northeadish-ue-cap.gif Northeadish-ue.gif
Northeadish-ue-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-ue-mac.gif
Northeadish-v-cap.gif Northeadish-v.gif
Northeadish-w-cap.gif Northeadish-w.gif
Northeadish-au-cap.gif Northeadish-au.gif
Northeadish-au-mac-cap.gif Northeadish-au-mac.gif
[θ]
þrun
‘thorn’
[ʊ]
ucs
‘ox’
[uː]
ūra
‘aurochs’
[ʏ]
ᵫvʌ
‘evil’
[yː]
ȳq
‘toad’
[v,w]
veða
‘wood’
[w]
wᵫn
‘joy’
[ɔ,ɒ]
ål
‘ale’
[ɔː]
ā̊hʌ
‘seed’

(NB: The Gutish alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a Romanization of the letters shown in the table above. Gutish#Romanization)

Orthography

Alternative Writing Systems

Cursive

Romanization

Transcriptional Alphabet for Intermediate Language Changes

Phonology

Final Obstruent Devoicing

...

Pronouns

Numbers

Articles & Determiners

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives