Verse:Lõis/Sketchbook: Difference between revisions

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==Sprachbünde==
=Arabic orthography for Thedish=
===Levant===
English, [[Togarmite]], [[Verse:Lõis/Indo-Iranian languages|Naušahri]], [[Padmanābha]] and Levantine Mixolydian


===Balkan===
=American Hmong=
[[Đâu-Gequơxi]], [[Cubrite]] and [[Ăn Yidiș]]
===Northeastern Europe===
Galatian


===British===
Lõisian orthography for American Hmong dialects
An Inuit language, a Corded Ware language, and Qivattu
*Phonological features inspired by Proto-Inuit -> Greenlandic sound changes
*Evidentiality
*(Split) ergativity


===Indus===
ogoneks for nasal vowels
===Paleo-Iranian===
Old Palkhan, Old Harappan and pre-Naušahri


Features: retroflex consonants
Hmong w: written <ü>


===Southeast Asia===
tones:
[[Heleasic]], [[Far East Semitic]], Eastern Mixolydian
*no marker = no tone letter
*´ = b
*` = s
*double vowel with the second getting ´ = v
*double vowel with the second getting ` = j
*h = g
*´' = d
*`' = m


===Himalayas===
Orthography: b d dr j g qg p t tr ch k q = RPA p t r c k q ph th rh ch kh qh
[[Sino-Tiberian]], L-Tibetan


===Northeast Asia===
f v sh zh s hy h = RPA f v s z x xy h
[[Tyrith]], [[Siészal]] and [[Xeno-Mandarin]]


===South Africa===
=German Turkish?=
===Pacific Northwest===
Turkish orthography in Lõis's Germany
Simple phonology (no ejectives), SOV syntax
Uralic and Inuit languages?


==Ethio-IE and Ethio-Semitic==
Bütün Insanlar hür, Hajsijet we Haklar bakymyndan eszit doġarlar. Akyl we Wiz̀dana sahibtirler we birbirlerine karszy Kardeszlig Zihnijeti ile Hareket etmelidirler.


Ethio-IE: Mitanni
French words are spelled etymologically


Ethio-Semitic: Togarmite
=Vinnish=
"Vinskt mâl"


==Balkhan==
zh for r from PGmc z? both r and zh can sound like the Greenlandic r


q found in Inuit loans and random changes in Norse?


þ -> t change can be complete as in Faroese; đ sometimes becomes l


Inspired by Italian and Latin: "what if Italian were a priori"
preserves and standardizes verb conjugations with clitic pronouns like -tu/-u for 2sg and -k for 1sg; officially VSO from insular Celtic influence?


Incorporate words from BMAC
Mainland Scandinavian-style nominal declension levelling but weird -- some nouns pluralize in m or with u-umlaut and no suffix?


lion: singia
=Esperanto=


==Indian grammatical tradition==
Some differences between Esperanto as we know it and Lõisian Esperanto:
Includes historical linguistics?


==Polish Azalic==
* Pronouns are mi, ci, ri, ni, vi, ili, oni
Inspired by Scots and Yiddish


==Mixolydian==
* Transitive verbs in transitive-intransitive pairs are always marked with a causative; the passive for these verbs is used for changes of state.


Spoken in: Italy, Albania, the Levant, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Australia
* -icho is standard for specifically masculine nouns.


From PIE; t d dh -> tʰ d t
* more noun cases (ergative at least)
 
Inspirations: Baltic, Albanian
 
PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
*Proto-Mixolydian (tentative name): avī yasmī vilnō ne estʰ, sa ečʰvą̄s derčitʰ. sa girrų vačą večetʰ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āčʰu peretʰ. (to thematize)
**Old Nomadic Mixolydian (with Grassmann followed by Grimm): avyō yōs rōdai vilnō ne est, ešvą̄s vaide, smą girvą vačą večenθį, smą mēǰą parą; θu smą nērą āšu perenθį.
***Levantine Mixolydian: contributed some words to English
**Classical Mixolydian ("tentum" language, with Grassmann): avyō, kʰō vilnǭ ne tare, retʰvą̄s vaide, mą girvą vaθą veθei, mą mēðą perą veθei; tʰu mą nērą kʰirsvą perei. ''Greek transcription'': αϝιώ, χώ ϝιλνώμ νε ταρε, ρεθϝάμς ϝαιδε. μαμ γιρρυμ ϝαϸαμ ϝεϸει, μαμ μέζαμ περαμ ϝεϸει, θυ μαμ νέραμ χιρσϝαμ περει.
***Indian Mixolydian
**Eastern Mixolydian (a substrate for Heleasic)
 
===Orthography===
 
A native logography in addition to the Greek alphabet
 
===Verbs===
between Greek and Lithuanian
 
mediopassive marked with -i
 
===Declension===
*wolf: wilkʰas, wilkʰą, wilkʰasya, wilkʰai, wilkʰātʰ, wilkʰai; wilkʰą̄s, wilkʰās, wilkʰą̄, wilkʰamas, wilkʰamis, wilkʰasu
*seed: tanō, tanǭ, tanōs, tanōi, tanōtʰ, tanōi; tanōs, tanǭs, tanōwą̄, tanōmas, tanōmis, tanōsu
*chair: selwą, selwą, selwasya, selwai, selwātʰ, selwai; selwō, selwō, selwą̄, selwamas, selwamis, selwasu
*i-stems (extremely uncommon)
 
The neuter gender merges into the masculine in Classical Mixolydian. Levantine Mixolydian around the 10th century is about as analytic as Hindi.
 
===Morphosyntax===
 
Mixolydian has the accusative and infinitive construction found in Latin and Ancient Greek, and in Classical and Levantine Mixolydian the accusative and infinitive construction by itself is the most common way of expressing the optative.
 
===Lexicon===
ρεθϝας means 'horse' in Classical and reθwas means 'wheel' in Nomadic
 
smas/ainas, dwā, tʰrīs, kʰetʰwār, pʰenkʰe, swečʰs, septʰį, ačtʰau, nawį, dečʰį
-> Classical mas/ainas, dvā, tʰrīs, ketʰvār, penkʰe, vetʰs, septʰį, attʰau, navį, detʰį
 
Levantine: en, dva, θri, kaθar, peng, veš, seft, ašt, nò, deš (20: wišt?)
 
dūras: faint, soft (drifted from "distant")
 
leupyą (''Nomadic''): hobby (calqued from Old Togarmite)
 
===Levantine Mixolydian===
 
some kind of "Balkan Sprachbund Hindi"? (Balkan grammar and Hindi syntax)
 
Old Nomadic Mixolydian had a very simple declension system, merging the accusative with the nominative and the locative with the dative:
 
nom, gen, dat, abl
*vilxa, vilxas, vilxē, vilxaθ; vilxas, vilxa, vilxam, vilxam
*tano, tanos, tanī, tanoθ; tanos, tano, tanom, tanom
 
Levantine Mixolydian went even further, dropping the -a ending and gender agreement:
 
nom, obl
*vilx, vilxe; vilxas, vilxam
*tano, tani; tanos, tanom
 
The oblique case is used as an ergative in perfect tenses.
 
====Pronouns====
 
====Verbs====
 
Due to Levantine Mixolydian being a peripheral member of the Levantine sprachbund, there are a few occasional similarities between its verbal system and English's, but also some differences:
 
*The simple past tense is split-ergative and has a perfective aspect. The original Old Mixolydian past tense became a subjunctive.
*The optative is formed just like the present tense but with the infinitive instead of the conjugated verb; it derives from the Old Mixolydian accusative and infinitive construction which is also present in Levantine Mixolydian.
*There is a distinction between simple present and progressive as in English. The past progressive is used as a general imperfective past tense. Do-support is common for emphasis.
 
=====Paradigms=====
 
====Lexicon====
<poem>
horse: eš
wheel: reθu
language: verdan
</poem>
===Indian Mixolydian===
Proto-Mixolydian *tʰ d t -> Proto-Indian Mixolydian *t d t -> t ð t
 
fully tentum
 
avyō, kō vilnǭ ne tare, retvą̄s vaide, mą girvą vatą vetei, mą mēdą perą vetei; tu mą nērą kirsvą perei.
 
===Theonyms===
Greek gods: Apōllas, Asklēpyas, Hugeiō, Panakeiō?
 
Mixolydian/Paleobalkan gods?
 
===Hippocratic Oath===
''Vērtʰą Ečʰvakʰratʰasya'' (<- wṛh₁tóm)
 
''Amunvō Apōllą samyetʰrą, tʰu Asklēpyą, tʰu Hugeiǭ, tʰu Panakeiǭ tʰu vičʰvą̄s deivą̄s tʰu deivǭs anadirčʰrą̄s verǰamuną̄s ...''
 
==Euro-Harappan languages==
===something spoken in Iran===
Sindarin aesthetic with retroflexes
 
*''gwiriṇ'' - rice
 
==Pelasgian==
Inspired by Japanese and a literal reading of Mycenaean Greek
 
A priori with Greek loanwords pronounced just like Linear B

Latest revision as of 09:35, 12 June 2022

Arabic orthography for Thedish

American Hmong

Lõisian orthography for American Hmong dialects

ogoneks for nasal vowels

Hmong w: written <ü>

tones:

  • no marker = no tone letter
  • ´ = b
  • ` = s
  • double vowel with the second getting ´ = v
  • double vowel with the second getting ` = j
  • h = g
  • ´' = d
  • `' = m

Orthography: b d dr j g qg p t tr ch k q = RPA p t r c k q ph th rh ch kh qh

f v sh zh s hy h = RPA f v s z x xy h

German Turkish?

Turkish orthography in Lõis's Germany

Bütün Insanlar hür, Hajsijet we Haklar bakymyndan eszit doġarlar. Akyl we Wiz̀dana sahibtirler we birbirlerine karszy Kardeszlig Zihnijeti ile Hareket etmelidirler.

French words are spelled etymologically

Vinnish

"Vinskt mâl"

zh for r from PGmc z? both r and zh can sound like the Greenlandic r

q found in Inuit loans and random changes in Norse?

þ -> t change can be complete as in Faroese; đ sometimes becomes l

preserves and standardizes verb conjugations with clitic pronouns like -tu/-u for 2sg and -k for 1sg; officially VSO from insular Celtic influence?

Mainland Scandinavian-style nominal declension levelling but weird -- some nouns pluralize in m or with u-umlaut and no suffix?

Esperanto

Some differences between Esperanto as we know it and Lõisian Esperanto:

  • Pronouns are mi, ci, ri, ni, vi, ili, oni
  • Transitive verbs in transitive-intransitive pairs are always marked with a causative; the passive for these verbs is used for changes of state.
  • -icho is standard for specifically masculine nouns.
  • more noun cases (ergative at least)
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