Noun Declensions
Influenced by the perceived-superior Greek, Küprian Latin changed its case endings a little, and lost the ablative
First Declension
βία (f) "way, road"
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N/V
|
βία |
βίαι
|
| G
|
βίαι |
βιάρων
|
| D
|
βίαι |
βίις
|
| A
|
βίαν |
βίαις
|
The first declension had long included Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's alpha declension. Archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgeréta Zeus ('Zeus the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelēgerétēs.
Second Declension
The most interesting features here are the diphthongs and -n endings.
δόμινους (m) lord
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
δόμινους |
δόμινoι
|
| G
|
δόμινι |
δομινόρων
|
| D
|
δόμινω |
δόμινοις
|
| A
|
δόμινουν |
δόμινους
|
| V
|
δόμινε |
δόμινοι
|
Geminates are still written (and said) at this stage
βῆλλουν (n) war
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N/V
|
βῆλλουν |
βῆλλα
|
| G
|
βῆλλι |
βηλλῶρουν
|
| D
|
βῆλλω |
βῆλλοις
|
| A
|
βῆλλουν |
βῆλλα
|
We see an amazing fusion of the old Attic -εως (e.g. πρόνεως, ἀνώγεων) into Latin -ius and -ium nouns.
φίλεως (m) son
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
φιλεως |
φιλει
|
| G
|
φιλει |
φιλερων
|
| D
|
φιλεω |
φιλεως
|
| A
|
φιλεων |
φιλεως
|
ὀφφίκεων (n) office, duty
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
ὀφφίκεων |
ὀφφίκεα
|
| G
|
ὄφφικει |
ὀφφίκερων
|
| D
|
ὀφφίκεω |
ὀφφίκεως
|
| A
|
ὀφφίκεων |
ὀφφίκεα
|
The -r nouns were a strange mixture.
βῖρ (m) man
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
βῖρ |
βίροι
|
| G
|
βίρι |
βίρων
|
| D
|
βίρω |
βίροις
|
| Α
|
βίρουν |
βίρους
|
This declension is also the home of the completely irregular god
Δέυς (m) God/god
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N/V
|
Δέυς |
δέι
|
| G
|
Δέι |
δέουν
|
| D
|
Δέω |
δέοις
|
| A
|
Δέουν |
δεουν
|
Third Declension
First, there are the pure consonant stems. As in the Greek, the nominative stem reappears in the dative plural.
δῦξ (m) leader
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
δῦξ |
δύκεις
|
| G
|
δυκους |
δυκων
|
| D
|
δυκι |
δυξους
|
| A
|
δυκεν |
δυκας
|
βιρτυς (f) virtue
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
βίρτυς |
βιρτύτεις
|
| G
|
βιρτύτους |
βιρτύσων
|
| D
|
βιρτύτι |
βιρτύτους
|
| A
|
βιρτύτεν |
βιρτύτας
|
ὄπυς (n) work
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
ὄπυς |
ὄπερα
|
| G
|
ὄπερους |
ὄπερων
|
| D
|
ὄπερι |
ὀπέριβους
|
| A
|
ὄπυς |
ὄπερα
|
-i stem endings do not bring the root back ever.
νάβις (f) ship
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
νάβις |
νάβες
|
| G
|
ναβις |
νάβων
|
| D
|
νάβι |
νάβιβους
|
| A
|
νάβιν |
νάβας
|
Double-consonant stems appear to have patterned after the -i stems in the nominative singular
πάρις (f) part
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
πάρις |
πάρτες
|
| G
|
πάρτις |
πάρτων
|
| D
|
πάρτι |
πάρτους
|
| A
|
πάρτιν |
πάρτας
|
ἄνιμαλ (n) living being
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
ἄνιμαλ |
ανιμάλια
|
| G
|
ανιμάλις |
ανιμάλιων
|
| D
|
ανιμάλι |
ανιμάλιβους
|
| A
|
ἄνιμαλ |
ανιμάλια
|
Fourth Declension
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
πόρτος |
πόρτους
|
| G
|
πόρτους |
πόρτουν
|
| D
|
πόρτι |
πόρτυβους
|
| A
|
πόρτουν |
πόρτουν
|
Fifth Declension
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
διης |
διης
|
| G
|
διη |
διηρων
|
| D
|
διη |
διηβους
|
| A
|
διην |
διης
|
res was radically reinterpretted.
(f)
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| N
|
ῥής |
ῥέις
|
| G
|
ῥέως |
ῥέων
|
| D
|
ῥέι |
ῥήβους
|
| A
|
ῥέα |
ῥέις
|
Definite Article
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
| N
|
ἰλ |
λα |
λό
|
λόι |
λάι |
λά
|
| G
|
λίους |
λίας |
λίους
|
λῶν |
λῶν |
λῶν
|
| D
|
λῶ |
λῆ |
λῶ
|
λοῖς |
λαῖς |
λοῖς
|
| A
|
λοῦν |
λάν |
λό
|
λοῦς |
λάς |
λά
|
Verbal Forms
Outside of the indicative and the participle, verbal forms are all aspect, not tense.Verbs are organized into principle parts, as in Greek.
- The present active stem, active and passive
- The future is formed by volo + present participle (active or passive)
- The preterite stem (from the old Latin perfect)
- The old active and passive is now the active and middle
- The perfect stem is formed by hab(e)o + preterite participle (active or passive)
- Pluperfect is formed by reduplicating LATIN root + Latin pluperfect endings
- Preterite passive is AUGMENTED + ΘΗΝ-ending on LATIN perfect
Present Stem
present active indicative
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
ἄμω |
ἀμάμες
|
| 2
|
ἄμας |
ἀμάτε
|
| 3
|
ἄμα |
ἄμασιν
|
present medio-passive indicative
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
ἄμωρ |
ἀμάμουρ
|
| 2
|
ἀμάρε |
ἀμήσθι
|
| 3
|
ἀμάτουρ |
ἀμάντουρ
|
imperfect active indicative
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
ἤμαν |
ἤμαμους
|
| 2
|
ἤμας |
ἠμάτις
|
| 3
|
ἤμαθ |
ἤμαν
|
imperfect medio-passive active
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
ἤμαρ |
ἠμάμουρ
|
| 2
|
ἠμάρε |
ἠμάμουρ
|
| 3
|
ἠμάτουρ |
ἠμάντυρ
|
present active subjunctive
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
ἄμεμι |
ἀμήμεν
|
| 2
|
ἀμής |
ἀμήτις
|
| 3
|
ἄμεθ |
ἄμετεν
|
present medio-passive subjunctive
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 1
|
| 2
|
| 3
|
present active imperative
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 2
|
ἄμα |
ἀμάτε
|
| 3
|
ἀμάτω |
ἀμάντων
|
present medio-passive imperative
|
Singular |
Plural
|
| 2
|
| 3
|
present active participles
| Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
| ἀμάντους |
ἀμάντα |
ἀμάντω
|
present medio-passive participle
| Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
| ἀμομενους
|
Future Forms
Preterite Active and Middle Forms
Perfect Forms
Pluperfect
Preterite Passive
ημαρθην
Χρυσοφύλαξ 00:44, 12 March 2025 (UTC)